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Trace metal contents of facial (make-up) cosmetics commonly used in Nigeria NNOROM, I.C.1*, IGWE, J.C.1 and OJI-NNOROM C.G.2 1Department of Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria.kohl 0.6%-50% - 46% Parry and Eaton, 1991 Bulgaria eye shadow, lipstick and powders ND-41.1 ug/g
Trace metal contents of facial (make-up) cosmetics
commonly used in Nigeria
NNOROM, I.C.1*, IGWE, J.C.1 and OJI-NNOROM C.G.2
1Department of Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria.
2Raw Material, Research and Development Council, Federal Ministry of Science and Technology. P M B 7264 Umuahia,
Nigeria.
Accepted 9 September, 2005
Several facial cosmetics available in Nigeria were analyzed for their contents of the heavy metals; lead,
cadmium, chromium, nickel, zinc and iron. The levels of chromium, iron and zinc were much higher in
the samples than those of the non-essential toxic metals; lead, cadmium and nickel. The range of the
geometric average for the various cosmetics is: Fe, 97-256 g/g; Ni, 8-13 g/g; Pb, 87-123 g/g; and Zn,
88-101 g/g. The geometric mean values obtained for Cr and Cd were generally below 40 g/g and about
1 g/g, respectively. Our result indicates that these cosmetics are relatively safer to use when
compared to the lead-based kwali eye make-up commonly available in Nigeria. These data indicate that
the continuous use of these cosmetics could result in an increase in the trace metal levels in the ocular
system and the human body beyond acceptable limits. The application of these cosmetics needs to be
considered as a source of lead in evaluating patients with symptoms of lead intoxication in regions
where this practice is common.
Key words: Heavy metals, eye, cosmetics, make-up, lead.
INTRODUCTION
The potential lead exposure to the eyes as a result of the
use of traditional cosmetic kohl in Asia, Africa and the
Middle East has been a subject of debate to the scientific
community (Worthing et al., 1995; Al-Hazza and Krahn,
1995; Lekouch et al., 2001; Smart and Madan, 1990;
Hardy et al., 2004). Eye cosmetics such as kohl and
surma have been identified as a suspected source of Pb
exposure to the ocular system in a number of adults and
children (Parry and Eaton, 1991; Sprinkle, 1995;
Alkhawajah, 1992). The use of leaded eye cosmetics
have been observed to be strongly correlated with
elevated blood lead levels (Sprinkle, 1995; Bruyneel et
al., 2002; Al-Ashban et al., 2004; Moghraby et al., 1989;
Corresponding authors E-mail: [email protected]; Tel:
+234-803-7928452.
Hearly et al., 1982; Ali et al., 1978)
The environmental and public health implications of
exposures to lead in Africa have been reviewed and the
use of local herbal remedies and cosmetics have been
indicted as sources of lead exposure (Chukwuma 1997;
Nriagu, 1992). A study of the use of skin lightening
creams containing hydroquinone, corticosteroid and
mercury in Nigeria revealed a prevalence of
dermatological side effects with exogenous ochronosis as
the commonest (Adebajo, 2002). Underarm cosmetics
are being investigated as a possible cause of breast
cancer. A biological basis for breast carcinogenesis could
result from the ability of the various constituent chemicals
to bind to DNA and to promote growth of the damaged
cells (Darbre, 2003). Similarly, a study of cosmetic talcum
and powder has shown that these products were rarely
the pure mineral talc, but rather were mixtures of various
minerals. Talcum powders have been observed to
contain asbestiform and substantial concentrations of Ni,
Co, and Cr (Rohl et al., 1976). Kohl and surma are
1134 Afr. J. Biotechnol.
composed of galena (PbO), amorphous carbon, zincite
(ZnO), sassolite (H3BO3), minium (Pb3O4), magnetite
(Fe3O4), goethite (FeO(OH)), cuprite (Cu2O), and talc
(Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) (Ali et al., 1978; Hardy et al., 1998,
2002; Worthing et al., 1995; Hearly et al., 1982).
There is a growing concern about the physiological and
behavioral effects of environmental trace metals in
human population. The toxicity of Pb at high levels of
exposure is well known, but a major concern of today is
the possibility that continual exposure to relatively low
levels of lead may entail adverse health effects
(Bergback et al., 1992; Koller et al., 2004). Lead and
cadmium are two potentially harmful metals that have
aroused considerable concern. In fact, lead has been
described as the most severe environmental contaminant
to arise in human civilization (Smith and Flegal, 1995).
Lead is considered the most dangerous due to the extent
that it is distributed in the environment as a polluting
element. Lead impairs the renal, homopoietic and
nervous system and reports of various surveys suggest
that Pb is causally related to deficiency in cognitive
functioning (Lansdown and Yule, 1986; Pocock et al.,
1994; Chukwuma, 1997).
Besides lifestyle, living conditions and culture have
tended to govern exposure to toxic metals including Pb
(Nriagu, 1992; Chukwuma, 1997). Lead has been
applied for its supposed magical or chthonic properties.
Otanjere (Nigerian name in Igbo language) that contains
up to 81% of lead is commonly scavenged from the
Benue valley trough of which the abandoned Enyingba –
Abakiliki lead and zinc mine is part, and applied in the
treatment of ophthalmologic infections, as an eye
cleanser and in cosmetics (Healy et al., 1984;
Chukwuma, 1997). Similar studies of traditional eye
make-ups used in Nigeria have reported very high levels
of trace metals in locally sourced eye make-ups (Funtua
and Oyewale, 1997; Ajayi et al., 2002). However there is
paucity of data on the trace metal content of the
processed cosmetics.
The very high levels of trace metals especially lead in
the locally sourced eye make-ups necessitates a study of
other imported and locally produced cosmetics used in
Nigeria. The objective of the present study therefore is to
examine further the trace metals content of facial
cosmetics commonly used in Nigeria.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Facial make-ups including eye pencils, eye liners and mascara;
lipsticks and lips gloss; and native eye liners (tiro and uhie, names
in Igbo language) were purchased from retail outlets and open
market in Umuahia, southeast Nigeria. The samples were dried to
constant weight in an oven at 80°C for 12 h. 1 g of the dried
samples was digested with HNO3, evaporated to near dryness on a
hot plate and then cooled. The procedure was repeated with
HClO4. More HClO4 was added until evolution of white fumes
(marking the end of the digestion process) before heating to near
dryness. The digest was taken up in 1 M HNO3, filtered with
Whatman No 4 filter paper into 10 cm3 volumetric flask and made
up to mark with deionized water. This was subsequently analyzed
for Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Ni and Fe using an air-acetylene flame atomic
absorption spectrophotometer (UNICAM, 969) by the standard
calibration technique. Batch precision and accuracy were
successfully monitored with a 10% insertion rate of sample
duplicates, blanks and spikes. Appropriate quality assurance
procedures and precaution were carried out to ensure reliability of
the results. Results from each batch were accepted if control
samples were within 10% of the accepted value of these samples.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The distribution of trace metals in the facial cosmetics
studied is shown in Table 1. Because of the positively
skewed nature of the results, the geometric mean of the
results was calculated as it is a better estimate of the
average than the arithmetic mean. The range of Pb levels
for lipsticks is wider than that for local eyeliners, while the
geometric mean value for the local eye-liners (120.5
g/g) is much higher than that for the lipsticks (87.3 g/g).
Comparative amounts of Pb were found in the local eyeliners
and the eye pencils. Their arithmetic and geometric
average are approximately the same 130 g/g and 120
g/g, respectively. This may indicate the use of similar
materials (graphite) in these cosmetics.
The levels of Cd are generally low, being much less
than 3 g/g. Chromium levels on the other hand were
much higher than the corresponding levels of nickel and
cadmium in each sample group. Levels of the metals, Cr,
Fe, and Zn were much higher in the samples than those
of the non-essential metals, Pb, Ni and Cd. Zinc and Fe
levels were the highest. Correlation study of the data
indicated only a relatively weak correlation between Cr
and Zn (r = 0.5) and between Cr and Cd (r = 0.4).
Iron and zinc are not of toxicological significance. Iron
compounds have an established role as colorants in
many cosmetic products. Evidence shows that in addition
to its importance as an essential nutrient necessary for
oxygen metabolism and mitochondrial function, Fe
exhibits a functional importance as a trace metal in the
normal growth and functional maturation of the skin
(Landsdown, 2001). Thus the observed high values of
these metals may not indicate any present possible
health hazard. Similarly, the low values observed for Cd
are within acceptable range. However the continuous use
of these cosmetics may enhance the absorption of
especially Cd and Pb during eating for lipsticks and
during sweating for the other facial make-ups. Exposure
to lead by dermal contact can contribute to significant
toxicity (Moyer et al., 1999). The health implications of
the use of these cosmetics can only be properly
assessed by monitoring the levels of these toxic metals in
the blood and urine samples of the group engaged in the
practice.
It should be noted, however that these cosmetics are
relatively safer to use when compared to the lead-based
kwali eye make-ups which have been reported to contain
Nnorom et al. 1135
Table 1. Trace metal contents (Mean ± SD) of facial cosmetics (make-ups)
available in Nigeria (g/g, dry weight).
Metal Eye Liners Eye pencils Lipstick
Fe 195.3 ± 111.9
(169.2)
78.0 – 325.2**
133.0 ± 98.6
(97.2)
17.0 – 288.3
297.5 ± 167.6
(256.1)
92.2 – 632.0
Ni 9.2 ± 4.1
(8.43)
4.4 – 14.5
13.4 ± 5.8
(12.1)
4.9 – 21.5
14.6 ± 6.3
(13.3)
7.0 – 22.8
Pb 131.0 ± 61.0
(120.5)
66.4 – 213.6
129.2 ± 40.4
(123.2)
66.0 – 187.1
105.5 ± 67.5
(87.3)
28.7 – 252.4
Zn 94.4 ± 27.6
(91.5)
72.0 – 128.5
111.9 ± 49.6
(100.9)
36.3 – 198.7
94.9 ± 38.5
(88.0)
42.3 – 174.8
Cr 37.8 ± 4.1
(37.6)
33.5 – 43.1
41.5 ± 12.7
(39.9)
25.8 – 64.3
31.8 ± 11.2
(30.4)
20.5 – 58.8
Cd 1.3 ± 0.7
(1.0)
0.3 – 1.8
0.8 ± 0.2
(0.7)
0.5 – 1.1
1.1 ± 0.6
(0.9)
0.5 – 2.4
*Geometric mean.
**Range.
60% lead (Funtua and Oyewale, 1997). The graphitebased
kwali is also relatively safer, as lower values of Ni
(14-30 g/g), Zn (11-19 g/g), and Pb (23-32 g/g) were
observed in them compared to the lead-based kwali.
However, very high levels of Fe were reported in both the
graphite-based kwali (>4300 g/g) and the lead-based
kwali (0.98 – 1.2%) which reflects the natural source of
these materials (Funtua and Oyewale, 1997). High levels
of Zn (35.8%) and Fe (6.15%) were also reported in
ornamental lead which women use to adorn their eye
lashes in Nigeria (Ajayi et al., 2002).Clinically, lead
poisoning from use of lead-based eye cosmetics is
presented with abdominal crampoid pain,
encephalopathy (manifested as anxiety and irritability),
and anemia (Bruyneel et al., 2002).
Apart from an extensive data available on Pb
intoxication on CNS and the hemopoietic system, very
little information is available regarding its effects on the
ocular system (Dwivedi, 1996). Kohl and other local
cosmetics worn around the eyes in Asia, Africa and the
Middle East have been identified as suspected source of
Pb exposure to the ocular system (Dwivedi, 1996; Parry
and Eaton, 1991; Alkhawajah, 1992; Sprinkle, 1995).
Data on elemental analysis of the ocular lenses exposed
to Pb demonstrates that long-term low-level Pb exposure
results in significant perturbations in the status of the
essential trace metal ions such as Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn.
The effect of Pb on the levels of these divalent metal ions
could be the result of competition for common binding
sites (Dwivedi, 1996). Lead is a biogeochemical analogue
to calcium. As such it is readily incorporated into trophic
and metabolic pathways (Smith and Flegal, 1995).
Significantly higher levels of Cu, Pb and Cd have been
observed in human lenses of people suffering from
cataract. Ophthalmologists have indicated that a
seemingly disproportionately high percentage of patients
with intransigent glaucoma have elevated Cd levels. The
use of eye cosmetics may be a major source of these
metals in human lenses (Cekic, 1998).
A recurrent theme in research on childhood lead
poisoning has been the discovery time and again over
the past four decades that Pb is toxic to the developing
nervous system at levels previously thought to be safe.
The observation that these facial cosmetics are used on
neonates and by pregnant women should elicit concerns.
Studies have reported that breastfeeding enhances the
release of lead from the bones (Tellez-Rojo et al., 2002)
and that lead freely crosses the placenta (Shannon,
2003; Srivastava et al., 2001). Consequently, gestational
Pb poisoning is not only harmful to the woman, but also
to the developing fetus, invariably producing congenital
lead poisoning. Epidemiological studies confirms an
association between lead exposure and prevalence of
dental carries in school-age children (Campbell et al.,
2000; Gemmel et al., 2002; Omar et al., 2001). The
applications of local preparations containing Pb in the
treatment of ophthalmogic infections and as an eye
cleanser and in cosmetic have been identified as a major
source of Pb intake in Africa (Chukwuma, 1997).
The probable ill-effect from the use of lead ore for
1136 Afr. J. Biotechnol.
Table 2. Levels of heavy metals in some facial cosmetics in some other parts of the world.
Country Class/Name of
cosmetics
Pb Cd Ni Fe Zn Reference
Saudi Arabia henna 1.29-16.48
μg/g
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