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The first computer-like machine was the Mark I. It was built, in 1944, jointly by IBM and Harvard University under the leadership of Howard Aiken.Using handheld devices, delivery drivers can access global positioning satellites (GPS) to verify customer locations for pickups and deliveries.This era also saw the emergence of the software development industry, with the introduction of FORTRAN and COBOL, two early programming languages.In the next major technological advancement, transistors were replaced by tiny integrated circuits, or ''chips.'' Chips are smaller and cheaper than transistors and can contain thousands of circuits on a single chip.His design included components such as an arithmetic logic unit, a control unit, memory, and input/output devices.In 1946, the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was built at the University of Pennsylvania.Although there are several categories of computers, such as mainframe, midsize, and micro, all computers share some basic elements, described in the next section.It contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed some 30 tons.In 1956, the invention of transistors resulted in smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy-efficient computers.In the 1980s, clones of the IBM PC made the personal computer even more affordable.Mobile computing applications are growing significantly.

The first computer-like machine was the Mark I. It was built, in 1944, jointly by IBM and Harvard University under the leadership of Howard Aiken. Punched cards were used to feed data into the machine. The Mark I was 52 feet long, weighed 50 tons, and had 750,000 parts. In 1946, the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was built at the University of Pennsylvania. It contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed some 30 tons.
The computers that we know today use the design rules given by John von Neumann in the late 1940s. His design included components such as an arithmetic logic unit, a control unit, memory, and input/output devices. These components are described in the next section. Von Neumann’s computer design makes it possible to store the programming instructions and the data in the same memory space. In 1951, the UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was built and sold to the U.S. Census Bureau.
In 1956, the invention of transistors resulted in smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy-efficient computers. This era also saw the emergence of the software development industry, with the introduction of FORTRAN and COBOL, two early programming languages. In the next major technological advancement, transistors were replaced by tiny integrated circuits, or ‘‘chips.’’ Chips are smaller and cheaper than transistors and can contain thousands of circuits on a single chip. They give computers tremendous processing speed.
In 1970, the microprocessor, an entire CPU on a single chip, was invented. In 1977, Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs designed and built the first Apple computer in their garage. In 1981, IBM introduced its personal computer (PC). In the 1980s, clones of the IBM PC made the personal computer even more affordable. By the mid-1990s, people from many walks of life were able to afford them. Computers continue to become faster and less expensive as technology advances.
Modern-day computers are powerful, reliable, and easy to use. They can accept spoken-word instructions and imitate human reasoning through artificial intelligence. Expert systems assist doctors in making diagnoses. Mobile computing applications are growing significantly. Using handheld devices, delivery drivers can access global positioning satellites (GPS) to verify customer locations for pickups and deliveries. Cell phones permit you to check your e-mail, make airline reservations, see how stocks are performing, and access your bank accounts.
Although there are several categories of computers, such as mainframe, midsize, and micro, all computers share some basic elements, described in the next section.