لخّصلي

During the past ten years there have been many developments in transformational grammar, and there will certainly be more in the future.This mark is used to indicate that a sentence or a part of a sentence is ungrammatical; that is, no native speaker of the language would intentionally use it. By grammatical we are not referring to standard and nonstandard usage.There so much controversy among linguists that many people use the plural in speaking of transfor- mational grammars; there is no single transformational grammar which is accepted by all scholars in the field.The transformational grammarian is not content with describing what he finds in a corpus of sentences collected from native speakers.In addition, the grammar should not generate sentences that a native speaker would reject, such as The man horrified the door or Boy on the roof is. Notice the asterisk in the last two sentences.Calling sentences like He ain't going and Irregardless of what you think, he taken it grammatical does not inean that the linguist is encouraging anyone to use them when applying for a job.An adequate grammar of English should enable a person to produce not just those sentences that have been said in the past, but all the sentences that a native speaker is capable of creating or understanding.He refers to acceptability among various social groups or in various contexts as usage.

During the past ten years there have been many developments in transformational grammar, and there will certainly be more in the future. Almost every aspect of language is still being examined. There so much controversy among linguists that many people use the plural in speaking of transfor- mational grammars; there is no single transformational grammar which is accepted by all scholars in the field. Nevertheless, there are many ideas which most transformationalists do accept.

The transformational grammarian is not content with describing what he finds in a corpus of sentences collected from native speakers. He feels that his grammar should enable one to produce all the sentences of a language, and he is as interested in possible sentences as he is in the ones actually recorded. Since the number of possible sentences in English or any other language is infinite, no one could have heard all of them. Yet native speakers of English understand new sentences such as I spilled milk in the bathtub and He left his shoe polish in the refrigerator. Every day the native speaker hears, reads, and creates new sentences, sentences which seem so ordinary that he is not aware that they have never been used before. An adequate grammar of English should enable a person to produce not just those sentences that have been said in the past, but all the sentences that a native speaker is capable of creating or understanding. In addition, the grammar should not generate sentences that a native speaker would reject, such as The man horrified the door or Boy on the roof is. Notice the asterisk in the last two sentences. This mark is used to
indicate that a sentence or a part of a sentence is ungrammatical; that is, no
native speaker of the language would intentionally use it. By grammatical
we are not referring to standard and nonstandard usage. He ain't going is
grammatical for some people (there are native speakers who say it), but it is
nonstandard (educated speakers do not normally use it). He not is going
is not grammatical, since no native speakers use this construction. Calling
sentences like He ain't going and Irregardless of what you think, he taken it
grammatical does not inean that the linguist is encouraging anyone to use
them when applying for a job. He is merely restricting the meaning of the
term grammatical to structures that are normally used by native speakers of
English. He refers to acceptability among various social groups or in
various contexts as usage.
The transformationalist is more concerned with the system that
underlies the language than he is with the actual speech of an individual
at any given time. All speakers occasionally staminer, make false starts, use
wrong words, get words out of order, and change constructions in midcourse