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This BCIS chapter on B2B e-commerce covers various models, including sell-side (one seller, many buyers), buy-side (one buyer, many sellers), exchanges (many sellers and buyers), and supply-chain improvements. B2B transactions are categorized based on seller and buyer numbers and process. The chapter details different marketplace types, illustrating them graphically, highlighting company-centric versus market-centric models. Public exchanges like Amazon and eBay are discussed, emphasizing supply-chain collaboration and the need for efficient, expeditious processes across the chain. The evolution of B2B e-commerce is traced, from EDI to internet-based platforms, including e-government and mobile commerce. Key characteristics of B2B relationships involve sellers, buyers, and intermediaries, with purchasing strategies ranging from spot buying to strategic sourcing. Vertical and horizontal marketplaces are differentiated based on industry focus. The importance of service industries moving online and supply-chain relationship management is stressed due to high transaction values and deadlines. Benefits and limitations of B2B e-commerce are explored, focusing on opportunities and challenges for both buyers and sellers, including channel conflicts and the costs of transitioning from EDI. Sell-side marketplaces are analyzed, noting the advantages of customization and efficiency but also the difficulties of targeting specific buyers. The role of intermediaries like distributors (e.g., Sam's Club, Avnet) is examined. The chapter covers forward and reverse auctions, including their benefits (revenue generation, cost savings, increased member retention) and the decision of using internal versus external auction sites. The concept of buy-side marketplaces and their use of reverse auctions is explained. Procurement management and its inefficiencies are addressed, leading to the introduction of e-procurement and its various types (e-sourcing, e-tendering, reverse auctioning, e-informing). The pros and cons of e-procurement are discussed, including cost considerations and challenges in supplier cooperation and system integration. Group reverse auctions are presented as a means of increasing bargaining power. Other methods like internal aggregated catalogs and desktop purchasing are explored. Group purchasing, both internal and external, is explained, along with the process of direct purchasing from seller sites. The chapter then delves into B2B exchanges, outlining their services (registration, catalog management, auction management) and various revenue models (transaction fees, membership fees, etc.). Potential advantages and limitations of B2B exchanges, including past failures, are examined. B2B portals, encompassing corporate, supplier, customer, employee, executive, and mobile portals, are discussed, along with their applications and issues. Social networking in B2B is analyzed, focusing on opportunities for knowledge sharing, collaboration, and business development. The increasing use of Web 2.0 tools and the potential of social commerce within B2B are highlighted.

Welcome to BCIS , Technology of E-Business. This is chapter B2B E-Commerce. The learning objectives for this chapter include describing the B2B field describing the major types of TV models will discuss the models characteristics of the sell side marketplace including options will talk about some of the sell side intermediaries characteristics of the buy side marketplace. The current and then move on to discuss our reverse auctions working with BP environment will talk about B2B aggregation group purchasing models as well that will move on to otherprocurement methods will define exchanges and scraps of the major types of exchanges talk about B2B portals, third-party exchanges will describe help you to be conducted social networking what house. Most technologies can can can help the B2B market marketplace Internet marketing and the B2B environment, including organizational buyer talk about e-commerce or we think of e-commerce recesses consumers. We normally think of business to consumer model bethink of how we log Amazon.com make a purchase business us as a consumer.Amazon is business, but the reality is that the B2B e-commerce market is much larger in scope so deserves more attention on B2B e-commerce. All transactions between business is conducted electronically over the Internet extranets intranets private networks also known as BP EB to be or just be to be so business-to-business marketplace in general there's four different types B2B transactions in these really are distinguished based on the number of sellers and buyers form process patient the protestantsis the sell side which, describes what a situation where one seller in many buyers is by side which is, demonstrated real by one buyer many sellers there's exchanges in Wenceslaus solids and lots of buyers and then there's the supply-chain supply chain improvements in collaborative e-commerce which activities other than buying, selling really talk about the twins things like improvements and supply-chain communication, collaboration, sharing information and things of that nature before one types of B2B e-commerce unusual graphical representation of of themarketplaces that we just got discussants see in part a sulci are be sure should I side RC shows the shows you the electronic exchange a party shushing the supply chain improvements in collaborative e-commerce software helps illustrate the inmate will clear of what were talking about it in the so excited. Customers reseller centric. If you that the seller selling organization by side is by buying organization against very organization centric versus the electronic exchange without lots of lots of sellers andthen part of the supply chain improvements in collaborative e-commerce really focused on processes, improving those different relationships in a one to many were many to one market one copy that is all the seller by this is really just be focused on one company's perspective of the divine war selling because of that it tends to be referred to as the company centric e-commerce model in a supermarket marketplace. The individual sulci or company has complete control over the distance in selling or buyingbuying transactions. Many many marketplaces are usually represented by some sort of public exchange. It's a place to bring together different buyers and sellers in one exchange to be able to exchange those goods and services are often times is run by third parties. Some examples Amazon, eBay help service level exchanges bring together various buyers and sellers as part of Amazon's business. It's not their entire business. Obviously on but they do allow sellers to operate within their their organization sellgoods and services through the Amazon exchange even is another great example of that is for supply-chain collaborative commerce. The idea is that a supply chain works together clapboard in other words you where your we have to be a customer we don't simply purchase from the seller. The seller is a purchase be all for supply-chain ultimately to get to the actual manufacturer of the of the good in the realization is that the entire supply chain has to work collaboratively to be elected to market in an efficient and expeditious manner and so stay so that wenext forgo profits in certain stages supply-chain to make sure that other areas of the supply-chain remain vital over me somewhat prosperous and met my work to continue to do business. Otherwise it disrupts the entire supply chain. Now you the e-commerce is not pop up over not because back significantly for the example to illustrate the early days e-commerce included worship to produce EDI electronic data interchange really private networks between large organizations that facilitated the ease of transactionselectronically as the unit began to take hold a lot of that moved towards the Internet because public networks were obviously much cheaper. Initially, it really was just a way to promote your disorganization remains online eventually began to all instruments include processing things that nature. We soon moved to E-Government more collaboration we see in the fourth-generation customer relationship management mobile commerce to Wednesday we include things like social computing things that nature as well.So throw you in involving concept. If you look at Exhibit 4.3 decision, the components of B2B if you think about this it in a lot of ways it looks like a supply chain in the can't take the perspective of being the company in the middle of as being the company in the middle that downstream supply-chain regret for his retailers and upstream of that very suppliers we have various intermediaries between us well. Caesar is support services to be will support the transactions with those downstream andthose upstream things like logistics being on the move products from point A to point B security payment processing things like that are suppliers. Obviously they pick up the suppliers they get raw materials and subcomponents from other other places this one other companies that are involved in many take cases things like joint ventures and other collaborative efforts the main characteristics of B2B relationship is the relationship between the parties conducting various transactions. Obviously the so the players are sellers, buyers and intermediaries in many cases, thebuyer and the driller buyer and the seller will interact directly but not the case with you. I have an intermediary that stands in between the two. To facilitate the facilitate transactions. Sometimes you hear them referred to as third parties. The broker things that nature in general B2B transactions usually occur in and want to ways in terms of of purchases are made to stop by or strategic or systematic sourcing, spotlighting really refers to things like what you might buy if you go store you gothrough the story identify various things that you might be interested in you make a purchase things a business might need to purchase that they purchase them as they come up as something comes to strategic sourcing or systematic sourcing on them have really involved more for strategic look. Look at what it is that organization he purchases may purchase out long in advance see if the airline industry like cases purchasing fuel months in advance in order to lock in prices spotlighting really is his work economically conducted on public exchanges versus strategicpurchases tend to be more efficiently and effectively through direct buyer and seller negotiations. What firms typically buy in these B2B transactions followed by the things an organization might need to buy direct materials was are used in production of approximately raw materials. The primary goods. The maintenance of direct materials steel for car paper from the books things like that. That's approaches and direct materials that support productions of office supplies and lightbulbs the things that helped keep the plant going to the relation and also purchaseMRO server maintenance repair operation materials and direct materials using activities to support production of sales trades could typically move in one of two different directions, either vertically or horizontally vertical marketplaces are markets that deal with one industry or industry segment system. The examples of those mine, cars, hospitals, supplies, supplies, steel, chemicals, things like that, as opposed to horizontal market places markets a conscript on service material or product that is used in all industries as office supplies, PCs, travel services services.They all rely on those types of of of goods cc those transactions occur across industries supply for supply-chain relationships and B2B transactions are obviously very important. Typically we took were talking about a lot of different transactions. The dollar amount of the transaction soon to be quite large. Managing the supply-chain relationships becomes very important characteristic for concept you to be e-commerce market space is the issue of service industries. There are have been moved online and B2B motion ships.I was in love things like hospitality services are moved online real estate services we can all be done online us. It was a lot of of traditional transactions done in the face-to-face world they can be moved in the into the online environment obviously financial and banking services. Radio sources have come from prominent is first partner and supplier relationship management is coming back to that first bullet point supply-chain relationships that we really have to manage those results question three very carefully because document a large volumeof purchases large dollar amounts deadlines and aborts the goods and services have to be produced or arrived at the the certain times so it all becomes very important. So that's where this idea of partner relationship management and supplier relationship management, customer relationship management becomes very important source of the benefits and limitations on the to be there's a lot of benefits be to be your only there for buyers, sellers, and in many cases both at the same time will depend on the model so benefits and helpedcreate new sales opportunity hopefully eliminate paper and reducing the administrative costs should help to expedite processing recycle time should help lower search costs and time for buyers to find products and vendors a lot of benefits that e-commerce provides to visit her son, buyers, sellers, or in many cases both stuff a little bit more about the sell side the marketplace in the be deceived model manufacturer retailers electronically directly to consumers from storefront web store in the B2B self-study marketplace.The business sells products and services business customers laconically frequently up across an extranet B2B sellers. This also marketplace may be a quick and more manufacturers or intermediaries may intermediaries may be pure, and companies themselves source customer service online, sellers can provide a variety of different very unique and specified customer services is the example of GE automating all other telephone calls to reduce the demand on having humans actually answer the phone on it significantly reduce the cost to buy moving a lot of the stuff in 20 marketplace.It really helps organizations become more efficient in many ways the transactions that occur in a in B2B transactions on Cel-Sci in Cel-Sci. The marketplaces very similar to what you might see in a be the C transaction customers purchasing catalogs that they might go to a storefront and lifetimes. Those storefronts will provide customization options options some configuration options for you to configure certain products or services to to perform a certain way. I think I manual customize financing terms and things like that on many the benefitstend to be pretty much the same as you might see the be to see market there are some certain limitations that perhaps you don't seem to be to see market. I will major issues is how to find buyers. Companies are usually pretty good advertising to consumers as a whole. When we moved to the B2B market. We have to identify specific buyers within an organization, and those are available less easy to target B2B sellers may also experience channel conflicts with their existing distribution systems. In other words, if you have traditionally sold through supply-chain like you have beforee-commerce came along e-commerce now allows you to sell to bypass hose intermediaries and potentially sell directly to customers, but now you have a situation where you have channel conflict on the prices probably will not be the same because the costs are the same. So that certainly is a limitation or or something that's a challenge in the B2B area. Another limitation is that if EDI electronic data interchange is been used in the past. There's a sunk cost. There was a organization have a vested interest in continuing to use the system.The theory have rather than developing a new system that operates across the Internet. So that's an additional limitation or challenge if you will spars comprehensive sulfide systems the system provide an awful lot of of of opportunities for third third again. Their solution is real challenges to them on the data provide some basic functionalities are essential function was to enables B2B vendors to to be a efficiently execute sales and provide customer service and really integrate with their their existing IT systems and someof things that they might my need to provider probably should provide search capabilities for example, side-by-side feature comparisons of different products, customer account specifics such as pricing, coupons, promotions, etc. suggestions for additional purchases like you see on Amazon you just a book I recommend three other books that are similar to that title up-to-date inventory. We expect that we expect will place an order. We know it's available order status information as well as call center interface so you canhave opportunities for cross-selling at solute setter fractures can sell directly to businesses and they do so the customers are large fires in a lot of cases manufactures have a core competency in manufacturing that particular good and when that's the case sales may not be one of their core competencies and so as the number of customers rises many times they don't want to introduce intermediaries into the processor and the supply chain and so if you lose them. They will then sell to a limited number of intermediaries who will then distribute theirproducts to a larger number of smaller buyers is intermediaries byproducts from from all in many cases from many manufacturers and I recommend one catalog from which they sell to customers or to retailers. Some examples of these types of distributors are Sam's Club Avnet those that are our military militarily incline that he to be Grangers. It's something I've heard a number might my military friends and procurement talk about the their use of Granger some companies at current options to be able to to increaseyour sales and do some other costs for primary areas. Therefore benefits that you will using optional social revenue generation cost savings, increased stickiness and member acquisition acquisition and retention as far as increasing revenues allows organizations, businesses, a new venue for quickly and easily disposing of excess I'll sleep or return products as far as cost savings. It by conducting them electronically. It really allows you to save costs of how you normally disposing of goats in cases increasedstickiness refers to how long a person stays in a particular website because an auction is occurring customers, businesses are constantly checking back on that site to see if their bid is the highest bid to research various products and things that nature's of the stickiness is his natural quite high on the sides. This first member acquisition and retention to be able to make purchases on the electronic auction site customers have to register as a result, you're automatically building a database if you will, of additional members marginalization may find it useful to buildtheir own auction site and that certainly makes sense if you're large enough of an organization because you can avoid paying any type of commission you might otherwise have to to pay to an intermediary, but you realize also that they do not pay for infrastructure and operate, maintain that site is not for everybody. So typically that's going be reserved for larger organization. Alternatively, you can use intermediaries and auction all intermediaries like asset asset auctions.com or liquidation.com in these are basically private organizations marketplacesif you will that this will allow you to use their infrastructures allows you to avoid a company to avoid making some of the investments in technology and infrastructure to facilitate those those auctions, same time you're paying them for for that service. Alternatively, you got public marketplaces such as eBay pitcher before going to look more familiar with those it. It's the same concepts and ideas that are going on as far as using a third-party hosting company for conducting options some of the benefits you don't have any additional resourcesyou have to buy any additional hardware bandwidth or anything like that is not a hiring cost opportunity costs associated with the redeployment of corporate corporate resources. Examples of B2B forward auctions will give you a few examples on page 161. Whirlpool selling $20 million and scrap metal in a single auction via asset auctions.com increase in the price received by 15% to give you another example for Sam's Club food resort quest and another one for government auctions and the power by Yahoo conducting the beadedCNB to be auctions of lots of different types of items by citing marketplaces are perhaps not quite as intuitive is so citing marketplaces by citing marketplaces of corporate based acquisition site that uses reverse auctions negotiations group purchasing for any other keep your method basically large fires can open their own marketplaces called by citing marketplaces invite sellers to browse in an offer to fulfill orders in basically said that this competitive marketplace where because you're such a large fire.You have lots of sellers will come to you and try to make make deals and simply drives the price down which is good for the large for the large buyer. Unfortunately, the way organization traditionally purchased or procured supplies and raw materials and things of that nature has always been efficient and this idea or concept of procurement management is about to try to correct for that situation current management is the planning, organizing, reminding and coordinating all the activities relating to purchasing goodsand services needed to accomplish the organization's mission, the idea of behind the inefficiencies. If you will visit approximately 80% of organizations purchased items mostly in Rose constituted 20 to 25% of the total purchase value through spending most of our time on significantly less of the value for their position. Also a large portion of corporate buyers time is spent on non-value added activities such as entering data, correcting errors in paperwork expediting delivery consulting quality problemsso things are really providing organizationally in the five so this really adds to a link the often complex procurement process of inefficiencies that might occur in in traditional procurement things like delays or paying too much for rush orders things like that. The specific examples of these issues is for two sometimes is Maverick buying which occurs when a buyer makes unplanned purchases of items. He quickly which often thought anything about supply and demand. You need to be done quickly. Ofttimes those purchasing the non-pre-negotiated as a result, prices are the higher Exhibit4.6, and if you graphical representation of the traditional procurement process as you tell three each individual step as you can tell if the pretty convoluted process. There's a lot of different steps occur a lot of of the things that can occur simultaneously and really all it takes is one little slip up somewhere along the way generate some of those non-value-added activities, and we talked about the previous five. The idea being that you know something to arrive on time you go back and correct thepaperwork you do something of that nature. So the more that we can automate some of these processes the better off that organizations are in the going to be a mess with the idea of E procurement comes in E procurement is the electronic acquisition of goods and services for organizations via the Internet, EDI, etc. the goal behind it is to be in control. Simplified purchase goods and services for multiple suppliers often times were the vast majority of the time we do this through the use of Internet technologies as far as thetypes of E procurement. There's a variety different types or see sourcing eaten during the reverse auctioning and so on. He sourcing basically just identify new suppliers force the category purchasing departments using Internet technology E tendering is sending a request for information prices to know suppliers and receiving sparse responses in bed using Internet technology E reverse auctioning is using Internet technology to buy goods and services from a number of known unknown suppliers E informing is gathering and distributing purchasing information both from from andto internal and external parties using Internet technology so we can use technology to bill automate an awful lot of these processes to coordinate a lot of these processes in order to avoid some of those non-value-added activities and make some of those non-value-added activities much more efficient. As with most things in life there are pros and cons of just about everything. So their benefits and limitations of E procurement as far some of the benefits of the procurement there's in increasing the productivity of purchasing agents.Those were able go out and be more productive trying to find various goods and services hopefully were a little lower the purchase prices for product standardization reverse auctions buying discounts etc. hopefully were able improve information flow minimize purchases made from noncontract vendors, thereby reducing the risk Maverick buying and controlling inventory more effectively. There's a whole host of other benefits of the procurement. See page 166 for a list of those on page 167 there's a list of some imitations are challengesof the E procurement. The cost may be to five. It may be difficult to get suppliers to cooperate electronically. It was just because you have the capability and a desire to make purchases electronically doesn't mean the actual producers of a particular good or service that you need or are interested in our are interested themselves in providing that the system may be too complex. It may be difficult to have internal and external immigration, integrating the different applications and processes may be too difficult and the technology needs to be updated frequentlyand that's just kind of the nature of the beast were dealing with technology. My side marketplaces are used frequently or frequently use reverse auctions reverse auctions ofttimes require some sort of a request for quote or an invitation to participate in and of tendering our bidding system. Governments often times require tendering E tendering measurable use reverse auctions is done frequently another twist on the the application reverse auction auctions is which refer to group reverse auction said in bring together for various smaller groups bringthem together in order to increase the bargaining power as a result to get price discounts. In other words, because your larger group. You have more more organizations that bid the price down even further. This unit with increased savings for the group Exhibit 4.9 is coming to you graphical representation of what the reverse auction process model. I would deftly recommend that you pressed it will be googling or do some YouTube. He actually see if you can find us an example online YouTube is probably a very good resourcefor this lifetime easier to come visualize or see it, we can see it practice so deftly do some additional searching. If you're confused by reverse auctions at this .30 procurement methods include things like Intel procurement marketplace. This is the idea behind this is the very large organizations make purchases from lots of different companies bigger than that. It's not just the company makes purchases lots of different companies. It's lots of individuals and individual departments within this very large company make thosepurchases. So the idea behind this is to develop some sort of internal aggregated catalog to catalog used for internal use aggregates the sources from from the various are the products from various sources put them all in one place. This gives you a few benefits I wanted less easily searched five products also allows you to reduce the number suppliers that you other thing is that it can easily supply some of your financial controls is a number of different benefits from being do that on times implement this.This approach leads to something is referred to as a desktop publishing it's a personal publishing desktop purchasing conceptually. The idea behind this is that you are allowing or you're pushing down the closer that the employees are actually use the goods or services implies purchasing by purchasing employees without the approval of supervisors and without the intervention of a procurement department and the idea is that your use of P cars nature and that it will reduce the cost and cycle time involved in purchasing frequently used goods and services as discussed before grouppurchasing is done in order to aggregate various purchases together to create larger purchases with the idea behind it to be able to garner bigger discounts because it orders much larger now that oftentimes is seen as smaller organizations doing this in order to reap the benefits. The reality is large organizations can do it to discuss that just second now that creation can occur either internally or externally internally typically will occur in a very large organization that my have lots and lots of different departments rather than groupingtogether. Your organization operates other organizations. The internal departments get together in aggregates or orders in order to resolve result in very large orders to are able to receive those discounts external aggregations typically used by smaller organizations and this is an approach were essentially to come together and an external organization will help facilitate the aggregation of those orders into that one large order. Exhibit 4.10, illustrates graphically the group purchasing process.The small business small organization group will typically sign up may be a fee to serve a free service may be a fee associated with it upfront that specify what it is apparently various office supplies long-distance service of writing other types of things but also specified that how much they're willing to pay when you were the rates that are willing to pay an aggregator will take those requests and group them together with other very small businesses or other organizations that have been done similar taken similar steps thataggregator will then negotiate with very suppliers will perhaps use the reverse auction something of nature in order to try the veal beat that requested price and the price of less and are able to step six. I provide those those various goods, services, and their pocket the difference will make their money that way worse comes to worse we can always purchase directly from the seller sites certainly something that most of this for me with the same type of transaction. We would conduct in B2C transaction.This is purchases directly from the customer site. One little difference of the section talks about is it up to this point and tell you about MRO's back-office things like support services paper copy paper and stuff like that but that represents a relatively small percentage of the purchases of organizations do the organization run about 20 to 50% of budget that remaining 5850 to 80% of purchases are usually for direct materials and services so things that you actually actually go into production.These obviously working more complex purchases that need to be negotiated. The transaction may be negotiated and finished more collaborative relationship between the seller and buyer is usually a need for greater information exchange. The benefits can be pretty significant. Those benefits include things like receiving the strip. Quickly producing unit costs, reducing inventories, hopefully avoiding shortages and hopefully expediting their own production process is love benefits to taking this approach stillanother E procurement method is used bartering specifically in the context of e-business. What are bartering as is basically just the the idea of exchanging goods or services well without the use of money so the ideas that is organization may have something of a product inventory that we no longer need. We can exchange it for something that we do need waterways we do is certainly advertising cost that you product or or supply acts left over that sometimes very tough to find other organizations that need to exchange something that they have an excess.This is where the idea bartering exchanges, some intermediary that brings these two parties together this far. Selecting an appropriate E procurement solution. Basically, that is meeting value with our various vendors and their ability to help us reduce costs ability to help us be more agile and manager are complete e-commerce solution as well as filling art or tactical in the relationship between buyers and sellers are can be seen about B2B exchanges to be exchanges are areas will bring together lotsof buyers and lots of sellers the idea is that the exchange helps to facilitate transactions helps to maintain exchange policies and infrastructure to facilitate these transactions. The types of services provided by these exchanges really depends on the nature of the exchange itself. For example, stock exchanges, obviously a very different needs. There are different services and steel exchanges or food exchanges or intellectual property patent exchanges this for some of the circuit. The specific services provided by various exchanges of things like buyer and sellerregistration altercation coordination catalog management communication protocol translation sourcing security and an empty software integration with members back-office systems auction management news information industry analysis for services administration's policy statistics, etc. so there's a variety of different services. The various exchanges usually provide in some way shape or form really depends on the specific type of exchange that the exchanges servicing Exhibit 4.11 can give you graphical view ifyou will, of what an exchange might do the relationship that an exchange might have with various purchasers with various sellers and so the other various organizations that might need to be involved in transactions that are occurring B2B exchanges are typically owned and operated by some sort of third-party operated independently of the various buyers and sellers. But that's not always the case. In some cases there is a very large buyer or seller, or a few various large buyers and sellers get together and operate the exchange themselves.This conference is often referred to as a consortium basically get his medicine exchange form and operated by a group of major companies in the industry to provide industry wide transactions and services with benefits. The B2B exchanges offer is that by bringing together various buyers and sellers that have already kind of either formally or informally agreed on price. To facilitate this concept in the exchange of dynamic pricing dynamic pricing is rapid prices over time, possibly across customers as a result of supply and demand matchingso it's a it's a way to charge different prices petition to different customers, obviously great example of this is the stock market. Think about that the trading for the stock market. This is so up to start from this. My various other viruses various other sellers prices that everybody buying, selling, though roughly equivalent are not always the same as what advantages as well as imitations to these B2B exchanges so the advantages are that it makes market much more efficient. Provides opportunities for buyers and sellers find business partners because of some ofthe administrative cost ordering tomorrow's expressive trading process also facilities global trade increased communities of informed buyers and sellers. But like most things in life there's there's obviously some risks that go along with that in early 2000's law. These exchanges started to fail and that really started because a few problems. Unknown vendors may not be reliable loss of customer service, quality a lost of of direct CRM PRM price wars, competition for value-added services and pay transaction fees and possibleloss of customers to competitors solution variety of limitations to be exchanges as well. This first revenue models of these exchanges erode depends on the specific exchange abating thank you examples to look at the stock market and How they work through the certainly not the only revenue model that exchanges use the transaction fees in exchange can make money from membership fees, service fees, advertising fees, auction fees, in some cases exchanges offer computer services or software management consultation fees things like thatvariety of different sources of revenue potential revenue for these B2B exchanges. It just depends on the specific area that are operating in history which one might might be the best which combination B2B portals are information portals for businesses using directories of products offered by each seller list of potential buyers what they want, and other industry general information like exchanges information portals may be horizontal offering a wide range of information about different industries were might be vertical focusingon a single industry or industry segment. While the term portals which will first vertical vertical corporate portal or enterprise portal is a gateway to corporate website and other information sources that enables communication, collaboration, and access to company information as far some examples of the book talks about page 178 some of companies that use corporate portal such as Procter & Gamble, DuPont and Staples Avenue by using using a variety different ways for that the next bullet point comesfrom types of corporate portals portals for suppliers and other partners. In many cases will open up some of our corporate resources are tech resources are in extranet if you will to very suppliers note partners so they can log into her systems check inventory levels and they can manage our inventory that they supply themselves. We are also committed to customer portals belonging to them every day we can make a [email protected], eBay, I will log you into a customer, employee portals and say,things assistant targeted for employees. They may be intranets. Maybe extranets but the typical typically they're going to be intranets portals the employee's login they can retrieve information such as their HR records their payment status, things of that nature. Executive and supervisor portals do exactly the same thing may allow top management supervisors will log you are schedule employees for their work hours payments things that nature mobile portals are basically portals that just allow mobile devices access to some of those resources.Oftentimes scaled-down websites redesigned websites that take advantage of the four factors that you see for mobile devices Exhibit 4.14 corporate portal framework illustrates or attempts to illustrate the idea that there different stakeholders. The use portals internal and external to the organization information data at least is drawn from a variety of different sources, both internal and extra to the organization and that the portal but the idea behind the portal is to bring all that together intoa centralized location to make it much more useful business portals are really kind of all around the optically within certain industries. Some are more well-known than others [email protected] is a really full of information regarding directory of various companies originating out of China originally meant expanding globally. Tom's restaurant tells net same type of things. Lots of information on various companies. A lot of this information can be found in various search engines directory structureswould be a vertical search engine or more horizontal search engines such as Google corporate portal applications and issues all kinds of things that these portals can be used for these include things like knowledge bases are into business processes customer facing sales marketing services, collaboration, project support portal to use for awful lot of different things in general we can tell, thrown into two different categories information portals and collaborative portals information portals are willing much more generic.They don't really do much other than provide information was collaborative portals are much richer in terms of the content may allow various users to come together to exchange files, exchange ideas, things of that nature. B2B applications involve lots and lots of different types of participants buyers and sellers server service providers, industry associations and others resources such as chat, bulletin boards and possible personalized webpages are really something demand by a lot of these players connecting personnel, partners, customers, and any combination ofthose three conserve a powerful resource for you businesses to leverage online discussions and interaction in order to maximize innovation response as far some the opportunities of social commerce and B2B allows you to discover new business partners will enhance the ability to learn about new technologies competitors in the business environment. Hopefully, lighter font find more sales prospects to solve problems by using the answer answer function in LinkedIn. Another that works hopefully help and participation in industry Association activities lobby createbrand awareness create buzz about upcoming product release will help you advertise products and services as well as product want to drive traffic, and web properties as well. Great social communities to encourage discussions among business partners and use social networks such such as Facebook and LinkedIn to recruit new talent, so as a whole lot of of potential in this concept of social commerce and B2B source. The use of web 2.02 Web 2.0 tools in B2B more and more companies are using blogs, wikis,RSS feeds, video ads, all kinds Web 2.0 technologies. Thousands of companies are using this is really becoming something that no longer really a source of competitive advantage for say. Rather, it's a necessity. Something to keep pace with those competitors potential social networking in B2B B2B environment is really yet to be fully realized as recently as 2006. The study showed that most respondents have little or no interaction with social networks of the of the server that did LinkedIn was by far the most widely used so still socialnetworks are still relatively new comes to B2B applications that doesn't mean B2B social networking can't be used in that environment it. It can be used to improve knowledge sharing, collaboration, feedback may also prove beneficial to tell terms of troubleshooting problem-solving efforts. Now that was rou