لخّصلي

Following the aim of the research, a preliminary analysis of the common architectural typology and construction systems used in the last decade in hospitals has been carried out.Additionally, a dynamic energy simulation was carried out to evaluate quantitatively how the building envelope affects the rooms' set temperatures and energy demand.The building for this study was selected based on preliminary research regarding the typology of hospital buildings constructed in the last decade in Europe.In a second phase, a healthcare building was selected and a deep analysis of the indoor conditions was performed.The simulation was performed on the 5th floor of the hospital building and the results of the rooms selected for the study were analysed.All of them were located in an urban area in different cities between 38o to 52o N latitude.One of the key parameters in the design of these types of buildings is the layout.The first phase has been to select the representative typology and construction systems used.

Following the aim of the research, a preliminary analysis of the common architectural typology and construction systems used in the last decade in hospitals has been carried out. The first phase has been to select the representative typology and construction systems used. In a second phase, a healthcare building was selected and a deep analysis of the indoor conditions was performed.
Additionally, a dynamic energy simulation was carried out to evaluate quantitatively how the building envelope affects the rooms’ set temperatures and energy demand. The simulation was performed on the 5th floor of the hospital building and the results of the rooms selected for the study were analysed.
The building for this study was selected based on preliminary research regarding the typology of hospital buildings constructed in the last decade in Europe. All of them were located in an urban area in different cities between 38◦ to 52◦ N latitude. One of the key parameters in the design of these types of buildings is the layout. Most cases showed courtyards shaped like a “cross-comb” with an east/west orientation. Furthermore, buildings commonly showed 3 to 7 floors and 2 underground levels. However, it is noteworthy that independently of the latitude, the most common construction system was a lightweight construction type. Additionally, sun control and shading devices were not frequently used, although windows/wall ratios achieved an average of approximately 70% coverage. The façade construction systems were curtain walls or ventilated panel systems. Opaque and transparent glass in addition to aluminium boards were the most popular materials implemented in the hospital building facades. Usually, these opaque and transparent glass panels have a multi-layer film to regulate sun radiation and provide an aesthetic appearance. It must be highlighted that the analysed cases showed high similarities of the construction design independently of the latitude.
A building of this construction period, situated in Madrid, with a latitude of 40 ◦N and longitude of 3◦ W (Spain) had been selected as a case study. The hospital was built between the years 1996–2003. It has an area of 42,000 m2 and comprises of six floors with a rectangular layout and eight interior courtyards (enclosed poly-block). Patient rooms are oriented towards interior courtyards with large windows reaching down to floor level. The fifth floor (the last one) comprised newborn hospitalisation with rooms and offices. The non-transparent glass façades characterise the architecture of the building. One of the main key points of the building is that it is located in the central area of the city which is directly affected by heatwaves [45], this is a phenomenon that occurs mainly at night, being more frequent and more intense during warm periods [11]. According to the Köppen classification, the Madrid climate is between CSA (temperate with a dry and hot summer) and BSK (cold steppe). The average temperature in the coldest months is between 0 ◦ and 18 ◦C and in the hottest month, the average temperature is above 22 ◦C.