لخّصلي

In 1986, astronomer Clifford Stoll discovered a 75-cent billing disparity in the accounting software of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, which led to the discovery of hackers accessing US military computers and data.The computer security community was initially divided between academic conferences and practical applications, leading to a lack of understanding of the field and insufficient time for implementing security measures.Despite notifying government agencies, the government failed to act, and it took Stoll over a year to track the hackers to Germany, where they were selling US military information to the Soviet Union.Private individuals like Stoll took personal responsibility for technologies and projects, assuming the role of cybersecurity experts.The 1984 Counterfeit Access Device and Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, which outlawed hacking, was more successful, but limited to domestic attacks and did not make computers more secure.This incident highlights the state of cybersecurity in 1986, where government agencies were responsible but failed to see the threat posed by networks between computers.The paper examines the influence of the cybersecurity community on government funding, projects, standards, and laws, and how the government influenced the community.

In 1986, astronomer Clifford Stoll discovered a 75-cent billing disparity in the accounting software of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, which led to the discovery of hackers accessing US military computers and data. Despite notifying government agencies, the government failed to act, and it took Stoll over a year to track the hackers to Germany, where they were selling US military information to the Soviet Union. This incident highlights the state of cybersecurity in 1986, where government agencies were responsible but failed to see the threat posed by networks between computers. Private individuals like Stoll took personal responsibility for technologies and projects, assuming the role of cybersecurity experts. The incident led to the first self-replicating computer program, or worm, in 1988, and subsequent hacking incidents. The paper examines the influence of the cybersecurity community on government funding, projects, standards, and laws, and how the government influenced the community.
The cybersecurity community emerged from the computing community in the 1960s and 1970s. Initially, computer security experts focused on making technology secure, which was a more difficult task. The early cybersecurity community was heavily reliant on the US military, which funded research and development. The Cold War's influence on computing technology and cybersecurity was significant, as most computer security issues were viewed as physical. Theoretical threats became real with the advent of personal computers and networks in the 1980s, leading to the growth of the hacking community. The role of gender in the community is also explored, highlighting the barriers women faced in accessing computers and the community. The thesis provides a pre-history to the history of cybersecurity, tracing the development of the community and its impact on policy.
The computer security community was initially divided between academic conferences and practical applications, leading to a lack of understanding of the field and insufficient time for implementing security measures. The government's Orange Book, a set of standards for computer manufacturers, failed due to its complexity and high cost, allowing manufacturers to opt out. The 1984 Counterfeit Access Device and Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, which outlawed hacking, was more successful, but limited to domestic attacks and did not make computers more secure. By the late 1980s, the community had grown, but neither the Orange Book nor the 1984 CFAA effectively protected computers and data from network attacks.