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TEACHING INDEPENDENCE TO A BLIND, MUTE AND DEAF STUDENT AS A MEANINGFUL CHOICE OF LIFE REFLECTED IN WILLIAM GIBSON'S DRAMA SCRIPT THE MIRACLE WORKER (1959) AN EXISTENTIALIST PERPECTIVE Submitted as a Fulfilment of the Requirements for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education in English Department Propose by: ANDRI HERMAWAN A320217260 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA 2023 iii APPROVAL TEACHING INDEPENDENCE TO A BLIND, MUTE AND DEAF STUDENT AS A MEANINGFUL CHOICE OF LIFE REFLECTED IN WILLIAM GIBSON'S DRAMA SCRIPT THE MIRACLE WORKER (1959) AN EXISTENTIALIST PERPECTIVE Manuscript Publication Propose by: ANDRI HERMAWAN A320140009 Approved to be examined by consultant School of Teacher Training and Education Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta Consultant, Dr. M. Thoyibi, M.S. NIDN.The sufferer character is Helen Keller, the pessimist character is Captain Arthur Keller, and the optimist character is Annie Sullivan and Helen's mother, Kate Adams Keller.Bagi para pendidik khususnya para pendidik sastra, penelitian ini berkeinginan agar penelitian ini dapat menjadi sumber bahan belajar mengajar sastra baik dari tingkat menengah, bahkan tingkat yang lebih tinggi.Selain itu, makalah ini Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi inspirasi bagi peneliti selanjutnya yang berminat untuk meneliti naskah drama The Miracle Worker karya William Gibson.Selain itu, penelitian ini dapat menjadi sumber referensi untuk penelitian selanjutnya yang akan menganalisis literatur dengan menggunakan perspektif eksistensialis.William Gibson adalah salah satu penulis naskah drama terkenal yang menulis The Miracle Worker (1959) kajiannya didasarkan pada perlakuan Gibson terhadap kisah pendidikan Helen Keller.Keywords: teaching independence, mute, blind, deaf, sign language, Annie Sulivan, Helen Keller, water 2 AbstrakPeneliti ingin membuat penelitian tentang kemandirian belajar pada siswa tunanetra, tuli, dan bisu.Bagi pembaca sekalian, dengan dilakukannya penelitian ini, peneliti berharap dapat mengembangkan apresiasi pembaca terhadap sastra.Qualitative validity means that the researcher should check for the accuracy of the findings by employing certain procedures (Jhon Creswell, 2009) Based on Goetz and Le Comple (1982:32) stated that validity in a qualitative study is focused on the accuracy and truthfulness of scientific findings.0602095901 iii ACCEPTANCE TEACHING INDEPENDENCE TO BLIND, DEAF, AND MUTE STUDENT AS A MEANINGFUL CHOICE OF LIFE REFLECTED IN WILLIAM GIBSON'S DRAMA SCRIPT THE MIRACLE WORKER (1959) AN EXISTENTIALIST PERSPECTIVE RESEARCH PAPER by ANDRI HERMAWAN A320217260 Accepted by the Board of Examiner School of Teacher Training and Education Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta On February, 18th 2023 Team of Examiner: 1.Dr. Sutama, M. Pd. iii TESTIMONY Herewith, I testify that in this research paper there is no plagiarism of the previous literary work which has been raised to obtain bachelor degree of university, nor there are options or masterpiece which have been written or published by others, except those in which the writing was referred to manuscript and mentioned in the literary review and bibliography.dapat dijadikan referensi untuk memperkaya pengetahuan dan meningkatkan pemahaman teori sastra, khususnya perspektif eksistensialis.1) Data Triangulation (the use of various data sources, for example, time, space, and person) 2) Investigator triangulation (the use of more than one observer, investigator, researcher, or data analyst) 3) Theory triangulation (the use of multiple hypotheses or theories) 4) Methods triangulation (the use of multiple methods to research a situation or phenomenon).The analysis of the depiction seeking a meaningful choice of life in the drama script is as follows: a. Through the Character or Characterization Character or characterization is the character presentation and creation of image or idea of the characters depicted in the drama script, as follows:

1. Sufferer Character Helen Keller is one of the two major characters of the drama script.Surakarta, February 15th, 2023 The Researcher ANDRI HERMAWAN A320217260 1 TEACHING INDEPENDENCE TO BLIND, DEAF, AND MUTE STUDENT AS A MEANINGFUL CHOICE OF LIFE REFLECTED IN WILLIAM GIBSON'S DRAMA SCRIPT THE MIRACLE WORKER (1959) AN EXISTENTIALIST PERSPECTIVE Abstract Researcher wants to make research about teaching independence to blind, deaf, and mute students.Kata kunci: mengajar kemandirian, bisu, buta, tuli, bahasa isyarat, Annie Sulivan, Helen Keller, air 3 1.For students at the Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta who have an interest in studying literature, this study can be used as references to enrich knowledge and improve the understanding of the theory of literature, especially the existentialist perspective.There are many characters in The Miracle Worker drama script, such as Annie Sullivan, Helen Keller, Mary, Martha, Aunt Ev, James Keller, Anagnos, Doctor, Percy, John, Kate Keller, Viney, Captain Keller, and five children.Type of Data and Data SourceDue to the researcher's goal to analyze the fiction (drama script), the type of data is the text that contains in paragraph or discourse.The steps for collecting the data follow: 5 a. First, the researcher reads the drama script The Miracle Worker repeatedly for gathering the data and observes the data as the primary data source.At the moment there are so many Indonesians wanted to be a teacher, but the bad news is they are just wanting a high salary from an easy job, whereas the essence of being a teacher is as an educator that has the responsibility to educate our students even though our students are difficult to teach.A. Type of The Study In analyzing The Miracle Worker drama script, the researcher uses qualitative research, statistic is not necessary to examine and explore the facts.The steps in conducting the research are as follows 1) determining the type of the study, 2) determining time and place, 3) determining data and data source, 4) determining method and technique of data collection, and last 5) determining the technique of data analysis.Method and Technique of Collecting Data This proposed research would apply literary research and comprehension techniques as the method.c. Browsing to the internet to get information and articles related to the objects of the study and reading some related books to find out the theories, data, and information that are required as the secondary data sources.Based on Denzin in An Introduction to Triangulation (2010:14-16) there are four types of triangulations, they are Data Triangulation, Investigator triangulation, Theory Triangulation, and Method Triangulation.Annie Sullivan and her little brother, Jimmie Sullivan grew up in the state asylum at Tewksbury, Massachusetts, where conditions were notoriously harsh.For all the readers, by doing this research, the researcher hopes it can develop the readers' appreciation of literature.Moreover, this research can be a source reference for the next research will analyze literature by using existentialist perspective.Here the researcher wants to make research about teaching independence specially to teach blind, deaf, and mute students and one of the most suitable objects is The Miracle Worker drama script.Those are Type of Study, Time and Place, Type of Data and Data Source, Method and Technique of Collecting Data, Data Validity, and Technique of Analyzing Data.The researcher's father the data from data sources, namely primary and secondary data sources.e. Take some notes of important information in both primary and secondary data f. The last is the researcher would analyze the data by using the existentialist approach.According to Goetz and Le Compe 1982:32, Validity in research is concerned with the accuracy and truthfulness of finding.For analyzing the data, the researcher used content analysis by using an existentialist perspective.Based on Creswell (2007) there are some steps to analyze the data, such as: a. Organizing and preparing the data for analysis.d. Use the coding process to generate a description of the setting or people as well as categories or themes to analyze.Factors that are Contribute Annie Sullivan chose teaching as her choice of life Based on the underlying theory and match with the story, the researcher found that some factors contribute to Annie Sullivan to choose teaching as her choice of life.As follows: a. Atoning Her Guilty to Her Brother The way Annie Sullivan looks at Helen Keller, she remembers his promise to his little brother, Jimmie Sullivan.b. She wanted to assist Helen Keller to get the education Annie Sullivan was lost much of her sight due to a trachoma disease contracted as a child due to poor living conditions in the 1870s.Trachoma is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.This infection causes a roughening can led to pain in the eyes, breakdown of the outer surface or cornea of the eyes, and eventual blindness.Annie Sullivan wanted to help Helen Keller to make an association between the word and physical objects since actually, she wanted to bring education to everyone even a blind, mute, deaf student such as Helen Keller.Depiction of Teaching Independence as Meaningful Choice of Life In The Miracle Worker drama script, there are a sufferer character, pessimist character, and an optimist character.The researcher finds out that the depiction of teaching independence as meaningful life of The Miracle Worker drama script is through the character or characterization, style, and plot or creating events.Besides that, this research should be an inspiration for the next researcher who has an interest in examining The Miracle Worker drama script by William Gibson.For the educator, especially for literature educators, the research is willing that this research can be source material for teaching and learning literature both from the secondary level, even higher level.It consists of the Background of the study, problem Statement, Objectives of Study, Limitation of the study, Significant of the study, and Paper Organization.But in this research, the researcher only focuses on Annie Sullivan's character that reflects the teaching independence.Library research is research that needs a collection of information sources and similar sources that could be found in the library and it is accessible to a defined society for following or reference.Then, the secondary data is fathered from previous studies and other resources related to the object of the research.According to the explanation above, the researcher uses investigator triangulation as the type of triangulation which will be applied and appropriate with this study.The researcher does crosscheck the data with his consultant to make sure the data is valid.e. Advance how the description and themes are represented in the qualitative narrative.Jimmie Sullivan, who suffered from a tubercular hip, was terrified of being separated from Annie, so she dressed him as a girl and kept him with her on the women's ward for a time, promising to take care of him forever and ever.There is the sense at the end of the play that in 8 reaching Helen, Annie Sullivan was found the resurrection she seeks and that she will be able to love and care for Helen Keller in a way that she was not able to do for her brother.When Annie Sullivan was five years old, she contracted a bacterial eye disease known as trachoma.Dr. Muhammad Thoyibi, M.S. ( ) (First Examiner) 2.Titis Setyabudi, S.S., M.A. ( ) (Member I of Examiner) 3.Dr. Abdillah Nugroho, M.Hum.( ) (Member II of Examiner) Dean rof.William Gibson is one of the famous drama scriptwriters who wrote The Miracle Worker (1959) the study is based on Gibson's treatment of the story of Helen Keller's education.Choice of life for teaching is not only for teachers but bur also for play drama scriptwriters such as William Gibson.RESEARCH METHOD This chapter will be discussed the method that the researcher may apply to analyze the drama script.Thus, any calculation and numeration were not be 4 required in this research type of research.It also included library research in which data sources need literary data.Primary data is fathered from The Miracle Worker drama script by William Gibson.It is divided into 6 subchapters.2.1.2.3.4.7c.3.2.

TEACHING INDEPENDENCE TO A BLIND, MUTE AND DEAF STUDENT AS A MEANINGFUL CHOICE OF LIFE REFLECTED IN WILLIAM GIBSON’S DRAMA SCRIPT THE MIRACLE WORKER (1959)
AN EXISTENTIALIST PERPECTIVE
Submitted as a Fulfilment of the Requirements for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education in English Department
Propose by:
ANDRI HERMAWAN
A320217260
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2023
iii
APPROVAL
TEACHING INDEPENDENCE TO A BLIND, MUTE AND DEAF STUDENT AS A MEANINGFUL CHOICE OF LIFE REFLECTED IN WILLIAM GIBSON’S DRAMA SCRIPT THE MIRACLE WORKER (1959)
AN EXISTENTIALIST PERPECTIVE
Manuscript Publication
Propose by:
ANDRI HERMAWAN
A320140009
Approved to be examined by consultant
School of Teacher Training and Education
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Consultant,
Dr. M. Thoyibi, M.S.
NIDN. 0602095901
iii
ACCEPTANCE
TEACHING INDEPENDENCE TO BLIND, DEAF, AND MUTE STUDENT
AS A MEANINGFUL CHOICE OF LIFE REFLECTED IN WILLIAM GIBSON’S DRAMA SCRIPT THE MIRACLE WORKER (1959)
AN EXISTENTIALIST PERSPECTIVE
RESEARCH PAPER
by
ANDRI HERMAWAN
A320217260
Accepted by the Board of Examiner
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
On February, 18th 2023
Team of Examiner:

1. Dr. Muhammad Thoyibi, M.S. ( )
   (First Examiner)


2. Titis Setyabudi, S.S., M.A. ( )
   (Member I of Examiner)


3. Dr. Abdillah Nugroho, M.Hum. ( )
   (Member II of Examiner)
   Dean
   rof. Dr. Sutama, M. Pd.
   iii
   TESTIMONY
   Herewith, I testify that in this research paper there is no plagiarism of the previous literary work which has been raised to obtain bachelor degree of university, nor there are options or masterpiece which have been written or published by others, except those in which the writing was referred to manuscript and mentioned in the literary review and bibliography.
   If any correction is proven in the future dealing with my statement above, I will be fully responsible.
   Surakarta, February 15th, 2023
   The Researcher
   ANDRI HERMAWAN
   A320217260
   1
   TEACHING INDEPENDENCE TO BLIND, DEAF, AND MUTE STUDENT AS A MEANINGFUL CHOICE OF LIFE REFLECTED IN WILLIAM GIBSON’S DRAMA SCRIPT THE MIRACLE WORKER (1959)
   AN EXISTENTIALIST PERSPECTIVE
   Abstract
   Researcher wants to make research about teaching independence to blind, deaf, and mute students. William Gibson is one of the famous drama scriptwriters who wrote The Miracle Worker (1959) the study is based on Gibson's treatment of the story of Helen Keller's education. For students at the Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta who have an interest in studying literature, this study can be used as references to enrich knowledge and improve the understanding of the theory of literature, especially the existentialist perspective. For all the readers, by doing this research, the researcher hopes it can develop the readers’ appreciation of literature. Besides that, this research should be an inspiration for the next researcher who has an interest in examining The Miracle Worker drama script by William Gibson. Moreover, this research can be a source reference for the next research will analyze literature by using existentialist perspective. For the educator, especially for literature educators, the research is willing that this research can be source material for teaching and learning literature both from the secondary level, even higher level.
   Keywords: teaching independence, mute, blind, deaf, sign language, Annie Sulivan, Helen Keller, water
   2
   AbstrakPeneliti ingin membuat penelitian tentang kemandirian belajar pada siswa tunanetra, tuli, dan bisu. William Gibson adalah salah satu penulis naskah drama terkenal yang menulis The Miracle Worker (1959) kajiannya didasarkan pada perlakuan Gibson terhadap kisah pendidikan Helen Keller. dapat dijadikan referensi untuk memperkaya pengetahuan dan meningkatkan pemahaman teori sastra, khususnya perspektif eksistensialis. Bagi pembaca sekalian, dengan dilakukannya penelitian ini, peneliti berharap dapat mengembangkan apresiasi pembaca terhadap sastra. Selain itu, makalah ini Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi inspirasi bagi peneliti selanjutnya yang berminat untuk meneliti naskah drama The Miracle Worker karya William Gibson. Selain itu, penelitian ini dapat menjadi sumber referensi untuk penelitian selanjutnya yang akan menganalisis literatur dengan menggunakan perspektif eksistensialis. Bagi para pendidik khususnya para pendidik sastra, penelitian ini berkeinginan agar penelitian ini dapat menjadi sumber bahan belajar mengajar sastra baik dari tingkat menengah, bahkan tingkat yang lebih tinggi.
   Kata kunci: mengajar kemandirian, bisu, buta, tuli, bahasa isyarat, Annie Sulivan, Helen Keller, air
   3


4. INTRODUCTION
   This chapter is about the introduction of the research. It consists of the Background of the study, problem Statement, Objectives of Study, Limitation of the study, Significant of the study, and Paper Organization.
   At the moment there are so many Indonesians wanted to be a teacher, but the bad news is they are just wanting a high salary from an easy job, whereas the essence of being a teacher is as an educator that has the responsibility to educate our students even though our students are difficult to teach. Choice of life for teaching is not only for teachers but bur also for play drama scriptwriters such as William Gibson.
   Here the researcher wants to make research about teaching independence specially to teach blind, deaf, and mute students and one of the most suitable objects is The Miracle Worker drama script. There are many characters in The Miracle Worker drama script, such as Annie Sullivan, Helen Keller, Mary, Martha, Aunt Ev, James Keller, Anagnos, Doctor, Percy, John, Kate Keller, Viney, Captain Keller, and five children. But in this research, the researcher only focuses on Annie Sullivan's character that reflects the teaching independence.


5. RESEARCH METHOD
   This chapter will be discussed the method that the researcher may apply to analyze the drama script. It is divided into 6 subchapters. Those are Type of Study, Time and Place, Type of Data and Data Source, Method and Technique of Collecting Data, Data Validity, and Technique of Analyzing Data.
   A. Type of The Study
   In analyzing The Miracle Worker drama script, the researcher uses qualitative research, statistic is not necessary to examine and explore the facts. Thus, any calculation and numeration were not be
   4
   required in this research type of research. It also included library research in which data sources need literary data. Library research is research that needs a collection of information sources and similar sources that could be found in the library and it is accessible to a defined society for following or reference. The steps in conducting the research are as follows 1) determining the type of the study, 2) determining time and place, 3) determining data and data source, 4) determining method and technique of data collection, and last 5) determining the technique of data analysis.


6. Time and Place
   This research belongs to literary study and library research so that there is no limitation toward time and place. The researcher may take the data at any time and any place.


7. Type of Data and Data SourceDue to the researcher's goal to analyze the fiction (drama script), the type of data is the text that contains in paragraph or discourse. The researcher's father the data from data sources, namely primary and secondary data sources. Primary data is fathered from The Miracle Worker drama script by William Gibson. Then, the secondary data is fathered from previous studies and other resources related to the object of the research. It may be movie scripts, books, journals, the internet, etc.


8. Method and Technique of Collecting Data
   This proposed research would apply literary research and comprehension techniques as the method. Library research is used to gather information and related sources. Comprehension is used for gathering data. And then researcher uses note-taking to complete the data in collecting data. The steps for collecting the data follow:
   5
   a. First, the researcher reads the drama script The Miracle Worker repeatedly for gathering the data and observes the data as the primary data source.
   b. Then, the researcher takes some notes related to the issue that will be discussed in the research.
   c. Browsing to the internet to get information and articles related to the objects of the study and reading some related books to find out the theories, data, and information that are required as the secondary data sources.
   d. Identify the problem and find the data. Therefore, the research’s problem statement and objective of the study could be drawn clearly.
   e. Take some notes of important information in both primary and secondary data
   f. The last is the researcher would analyze the data by using the existentialist approach.
   i. Data Validity
   The use of validity is usually found in qualitative research and now it is reconsidered also in qualitative research. The concept of validity is delineated by a wide range of terms in qualitative research. Validity is used to prove that the data is trustworthy. Every research should have validity in its data.
   According to Goetz and Le Compe 1982:32, Validity in research is concerned with the accuracy and truthfulness of finding. Qualitative validity means that the researcher should check for the accuracy of the findings by employing certain procedures (Jhon Creswell, 2009)
   Based on Goetz and Le Comple (1982:32) stated that validity in a qualitative study is focused on the accuracy and truthfulness of scientific findings. In this research, the researcher uses triangulation
   6
   to make the trustworthiness of the data. Based on Denzin in An Introduction to Triangulation (2010:14-16) there are four types of triangulations, they are Data Triangulation, Investigator triangulation, Theory Triangulation, and Method Triangulation.

1. Data Triangulation (the use of various data sources, for example, time, space, and person)


2. Investigator triangulation (the use of more than one observer, investigator, researcher, or data analyst)


3. Theory triangulation (the use of multiple hypotheses or theories)


4. Methods triangulation (the use of multiple methods to research a situation or phenomenon).
   According to the explanation above, the researcher uses investigator triangulation as the type of triangulation which will be applied and appropriate with this study. The researcher does crosscheck the data with his consultant to make sure the data is valid.

4. The technique of Data Analysis
   The technique of data analysis is document analysis. For analyzing the data, the researcher used content analysis by using an existentialist perspective. Document analysis is applied to analyze the document that used in this research. Based on Creswell (2007) there are some steps to analyze the data, such as:
   a. Organizing and preparing the data for analysis. It is the first step for analyzing the data. In this step, we could be reviewing the material, typing up field notes, or breaking down and classifying the data into different types. It depends on the source of the information.
   b. Read through all of the data. It increases a piece of common information and reflects on its overall meaning.
   7c. Start detailed analysis with a coding process. This step is to classify and differentiate the data based on the type or categories.
   d. Use the coding process to generate a description of the setting or people as well as categories or themes to analyze. In this step, description is giving detailed information about places, people, or events in a setting.
   e. Advance how the description and themes are represented in the qualitative narrative.
   f. Interpret the data using the existentialism approach.


5. THE RESULT OF RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION


6. Factors that are Contribute Annie Sullivan chose teaching as her choice of life
   Based on the underlying theory and match with the story, the researcher found that some factors contribute to Annie Sullivan to choose teaching as her choice of life. As follows:
   a. Atoning Her Guilty to Her Brother
   The way Annie Sullivan looks at Helen Keller, she remembers his promise to his little brother, Jimmie Sullivan. Annie Sullivan and her little brother, Jimmie Sullivan grew up in the state asylum at Tewksbury, Massachusetts, where conditions were notoriously harsh. Annie and Jimmie were sent together when their mother died from tuberculosis and their father abandoned the family. Jimmie Sullivan, who suffered from a tubercular hip, was terrified of being separated from Annie, so she dressed him as a girl and kept him with her on the women’s ward for a time, promising to take care of him forever and ever. But Jimmie was finally taken away from his sister, however, and eventually died.
   Even though Annie was only nine years old and virtually blind at the time, Annie Sullivan blames herself for not being able to keep her promise to take care of her little brother. The memory of Jimmie’s death haunts her to adulthood. Even though she has been told that the battle is dead and done with, Annie Sullivan cannot let it stay buried. She feels that God should owe her resurrection and that she has a debt to Jimmie as well. There is the sense at the end of the play that in
   8
   reaching Helen, Annie Sullivan was found the resurrection she seeks and that she will be able to love and care for Helen Keller in a way that she was not able to do for her brother.
   b. She wanted to assist Helen Keller to get the education
   Annie Sullivan was lost much of her sight due to a trachoma disease contracted as a child due to poor living conditions in the 1870s. When Annie Sullivan was five years old, she contracted a bacterial eye disease known as trachoma. Trachoma is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. This infection causes a roughening can led to pain in the eyes, breakdown of the outer surface or cornea of the eyes, and eventual blindness. And she knows how they feel become a blind kid, like what Helen feel.
   Annie Sullivan wanted to help Helen Keller to make an association between the word and physical objects since actually, she wanted to bring education to everyone even a blind, mute, deaf student such as Helen Keller.


7. Depiction of Teaching Independence as Meaningful Choice of Life
   In The Miracle Worker drama script, there are a sufferer character, pessimist character, and an optimist character. The sufferer character is Helen Keller, the pessimist character is Captain Arthur Keller, and the optimist character is Annie Sullivan and Helen’s mother, Kate Adams Keller.
   The researcher finds out that the depiction of teaching independence as meaningful life of The Miracle Worker drama script is through the character or characterization, style, and plot or creating events. The analysis of the depiction seeking a meaningful choice of life in the drama script is as follows:
   a. Through the Character or Characterization
   Character or characterization is the character presentation and creation of image or idea of the characters depicted in the drama script, as follows:

1. Sufferer Character
   Helen Keller is one of the two major characters of the drama script. In real life she was one of the American’s most famous people of her time, despite being blind, deaf, and mute,
   9