لخّصلي

Dairy animals have always been one of the most studied
animal species in terms of animal welfare [1], Nonetheless,
there are important welfare issues that have yet to be re-
solved. Early weaning, which is still a common practice in
the dairy business, has been one of those difficulties for the
previous few decades [2].
Toxic metabolites from several pathogenic organisms
living in milk and milk products may be present. Con-
sumers get food poisoning when they eat such goods that
are contaminated with these metabolites. Foodborne
infection, on the other hand, is caused by ingesting viable
pathogenic bacteria together with the food product [3].
,e most common disease-causing bacteria in the milk
are Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella spp., Corynebac-
terium spp., Coxiella burnetii, Clostridium perfringens,
Brucella, Staphylococcus spp., Yersinia enterocolitica,
Campylobacter jejuni, Mycobacterium avium, Escher-
ichia coli, Listeria spp., and coliforms [4, 5], as Gram-
negative opportunistic environmental bacteria, have
been classified. Mastitis caused by E. coli is typically
sporadic, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe
and even fatal [6].Meal-borne infection, on the other hand, is caused by
ingesting viable pathogenic bacteria along with the food
[3]. Total coliforms, E. coli, and other enteric bacteria in
food, water, milk, and other dairy products in typically
unclean conditions are reliable indications of fecal con-
tamination. ,e presence of enteropathogenic and/or
toxigenic microorganisms, which could pose a public
health risk, is indicated by the recovery of E. coli from food
[7]. According to public health agencies, these microbes are
frequently linked to foodborne disorders and outbreaks [8].
,e presence of these pathogenic bacteria in milk has
become a major public health problem, particularly among
individuals who continue to drink unpasteurized raw
milk [9].
Antimicrobial drugs are used medically in animals and
humans to treat bacterial infections, and they can also be
added to commercial livestock and poultry feed at sub-
therapeutic dosages to promote growth [10]. During the
twentieth century, antibiotics significantly reduced
mortality associated with infectious diseases; however,
their widespread and repeated use in animal farming has
resulted in the emergence of bacterial multidrug resis-
tance (MDR); as a result, the presence of antibiotic-re-
sistant populations transforms infections that were once
treatable into potentially life-threatening events. Antibi-
otics slow the growth of organisms without resistance
mechanisms, but they have no or little effect on resistant
infections, allowing them to survive and flourish in the
host [11].
,e purpose of this research was to determine the ex-
istence of infecting microorganisms and their antibiotic
resistance patterns in the dairy farm environment, which
could pose veterinary and public health risks by infecting
animals and contaminating milk, water, and feces with
antimicrobial-resistant avian strains as a result of poor
milking hygiene.