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Antibody and the antibody-like T-cell receptor (TCR) molecules recognize antigens and act as receptors to activate the growth and functions of those cells that can elicit the antigen-specific response.The soluble forms of antibody in the blood, body fluids, or secreted across membranes protect the body by inactivating and promoting the elimination of toxins and microbes, especially when they are in the blood (bacteremia, viremia).Although some molecules elicit only a limited antibody response (carbohydrates and lipids), proteins and protein- conjugated molecules (including carbohydrates) elicit a more complete immune response that includes T cells.T cells continuously regulate the entire system, maintaining a balance that normally mini- mizes inflammation but still allows protection from normal and pathogenic microbes.

Antibody and the antibody-like T-cell receptor (TCR)
molecules recognize antigens and act as receptors to activate
the growth and functions of those cells that can elicit the
antigen-specific response. The soluble forms of antibody in
the blood, body fluids, or secreted across membranes protect
the body by inactivating and promoting the elimination of
toxins and microbes, especially when they are in the blood
(bacteremia, viremia). T cells are important for activating
and regulating innate and immune responses and for direct
killing of cells expressing inappropriate antigens.
Although some molecules elicit only a limited antibody
response (carbohydrates and lipids), proteins and protein-
conjugated molecules (including carbohydrates) elicit a
more complete immune response that includes T cells. Acti-
vation of a complete immune response is highly controlled
because it uses a large amount of energy, and once initiated,
it develops memory and remains for most of a lifetime.
Development of an antigen-specific immune response pro-
gresses from the innate responses through dendritic cells
(DCs), which direct the T cells to tell other T cells, B cells,
and other cells to grow and activate the necessary responses.
Cell-receptor and cytokine-receptor interactions provide the
necessary signals to activate cell growth and respond to the
challenge. T cells tell the B cell which type of antibody to
produce (immunoglobulin [Ig]G, IgE, IgA) and promote
memory cell development. T cells continuously regulate the
entire system, maintaining a balance that normally mini-
mizes inflammation but still allows protection from normal
and pathogenic microbes.