لخّصلي

❑ Management means directing and controlling a group of people in an organization to reach its objectives . ❑ It is a process of planning , decision - making , organizing , and controlling human resources to reach its goals effectively . ❑ The role of tourist organizations and their management is to create and maintain a balance between state , market , and society organizations . ❑ Management functions create new values through improved services that respect the social and economic needs of tourists . It involves different activities such as studying tour destinations , planning and organizing tours , and providing accommodation .

Management Function in the Tourism Sector
❑ Management in the tourism industry provides broad coverage of knowledge and skills for successful management, including finance , marketing , meeting customer expectations, and managing employees . ❑ Management's role in the tourism industry is to make sure to create a balance between the customer market , society , and the organization itself . Tourism has its own 7 P’s of management .

Importance of Management in the Tourism Industry
Importance of

Management in the

Tourism

Industry
Importance of Management in the Tourism Industry
• Management in the tourism industry addresses teamwork . • It manages staff, and daily operations and sets their goals of achieving tasks and satisfying as many tourists and guests as they can .
Importance of

Management in the Tourism

Industry
P RO B L E M S

AND

S O LU T I O N S I N

M A N AG E M E N T

F U N C T I O N S 1 - The decreases of management performance levels due to workload and less efficiency 2 - Sometimes management is allotted a budget to cover all expenses including the payrolls as well and being understaffed is also a common problem faced by the companies.
There are some common management functions problems and challenges:
P RO B L E M S

AND

S O LU T I O N S I N

M A N AG E M E N T

F U N C T I O N S 3 - More staff but less efficient work from management results in lack of communication, which then creates misunderstandings and problems . 4 - Acknowledging and then working on improving the teamwork among employees is also a big challenge for management to overcome .

There are some common management functions problems and challenges:
❑ The role of management varies from one organization to the other, including different roles of each title , for example :
Higher management is only responsible for maintaining the budget and focusing on promoting and increasing the tourism industry .
Middle management requires a discipline that consists of a set of five basic functions : planning, organizing , staffing , directing, and controlling . These are the five principal management skills required in this industry
Roles, Responsibilities, and Skills of a Management
Roles, Responsibilities, and Skills of a Management
Functions of

Management
Planning
Organizing
Staffing Directing
Controlling
M A J O R S T A K E H O L D E R T Y P E S I N T O U R I S M
There are three types of suppliers in the tourism industry
Public (government and government - funded organizations)
C ommercial

O perations
V oluntary

O rganizations
M A J O R S T A K E H O L D E R T Y P E S I N T O U R I S M
Table 1: Types of Stakeholders in Tourism
Stakeholder Type Direct Operator Other Operation Types
Public
Central government : government department (e . g . departments dealing with the tourism industry, arts and sports, economic development, physical planning, travel, passports, and immigration) .
Local government : cultural and recreation facilities and services, physical planning
Government agencies National tourism organizations, heritage, sports, and culture organizations.
Subcontracting

Public/ Public partnerships
Private/ Public partnerships
Use of Voluntary Organizations
Commercial
Public limited company (plc) Partnerships and sole proprietor businesses (usually privately owned) - Franchising - Management contracting - Private/public partnerships - Strategic alliances
Joint ventures - Consortium - type
Voluntary
Charitable associations and trusts at national and local levels, including business/professional, sports, heritage and community groups
M A J O R S T A K E H O L D E R T Y P E S I N T O U R I S M
Public (government and government - funded organizations ) ❑ Central government departments and government - funded organizations may be directly or indirectly involved in tourism . ❑ The rationale for government involvement often revolves around notions of the public good, i . e . because society benefits through the provision of the good/service which would not exist unless the government intervened . In other cases, the government has decided to regulate activity and set up some way of doing so . ❑ For sponsored museums and sporting facilities, there is a direct relationship between the public and the good or service .

M A J O R S T A K E H O L D E R T Y P E S I N T O U R I S M
Public (government and government - funded organizations ) ❑ The government also operates locally, usually on a city and/or regional basis . ❑ These act as a second tier of government, determined by national policies and funding . ❑ Public/public partnerships relate to situations where public agencies work together, e . g . some development projects and planning areas where it is better to have an umbrella organization . ❑ Similarly, private/public partnerships are where the government combines with private enterprises for a development project such as the development of a conference center and hotel complex . ❑ Governments and their public agencies may also enlist the help of voluntary organizations . Thus, for example, a heritage organization with special skills may be contracted to run an attraction .

M A J O R S T A K E H O L D E R T Y P E S I N T O U R I S M
C ommercial

O perations ❑ Commercial operators or for - profit operators may be publicly or privately owned . ❑ A public limited company (plc) is an organization that issues shares traded on a stock exchange . ❑ Thus, ownership is spread among organizations, such as pension funds, and individuals . ❑ Private operations are usually run by a sole proprietor or through a partnership, often with a family focus . ❑ Private operations that want to grow may change their status to places .
M A J O R S T A K E H O L D E R T Y P E S I N T O U R I S M
Commercial

Operations
While many commercial organizations retain complete direct control over their operations, several alternative formats to direct control are used, for example : ■ Franchising – where a business concept including a proprietary trademark/license, an operations ‘recipe’, and backup management training and support systems, is franchised to another operator in exchange for a set - up fee and an annual royalty . ■ Management contracting – where the owner of capital resources (e . g . buildings) agrees that another firm will run a defined area of operations in exchange for a fee ;
M A J O R S T A K E H O L D E R T Y P E S I N T O U R I S M
Commercial

Operations ■ Strategic alliance – an arrangement where two or more organizations share resources to pursue a joint aim . For example, a joint venture refers to a project where partners pool resources to set up a new, jointly owned enterprise . ■ A consortium is a looser arrangement where individual businesses retain autonomy while engaging in activities such as joint purchasing and joint promotion . There are many examples of successful consortiums among hotels . Some are locally based and jointly promote occupancy during periods of low demand . Others provide comprehensive backup reservation technologies with associated international branding and marketing benefits .

Similarly, airline code sharing and marketing agreements by Star Alliance and One World provide marketing benefits to their members .

M A J O R S T A K E H O L D E R T Y P E S I N T O U R I S M
V oluntary

O rganizations ❑ Voluntary organizations may also have tourism involvement . ❑ These cover local sports, historical and museum trusts, and, at a national level, organizations . ❑ In addition, voluntary organizations across a spectrum of professional and leisure fields provide help in promoting destinations, interpretation services for visitors, and administration and staffing for sports and arts events festivals, for example .