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Hope has been described by numerous philosophers, theologians, educators, and scientists over the years.Stotland and Gottschalk cach described hope as expectancies about reaching goals, with Stotland emphasizing the importance and probability of achieving goals, and Gottschalk describing a positive force that propels individuals to work through difficult circumstances.For xample, Averill and colleagues described hope as an emotion that was guided by cognitions and influenced by environmental conditions.Some conceptions of hope view the construct as att emotion that allows individuals to sustain belief during challenging times.Similarly, Staats viewed hope as an expectancy which interacts with wishes to weigh the possibility and affect connected to the achievement of goals.While popular literature has generally portrayed this affective view of hope, most research has been conducted about models of hope that are more cognitive in nature.Similar to previous theories, this conceptualization of hope is primarily cognitive in nature.

Hope has been described by numerous philosophers, theologians, educators, and scientists over the years. While there are many different definitions of hope, it can generally be thought of as a positive mental state about the ability to achieve goals in the future.

Since the late 1900s social scientists have attempted to describe, measure, and study hope in various ways, and this construct has been conceptualized as expectations of feelings about goals and the future. Some conceptions of hope view the construct as att emotion that allows individuals to sustain belief during challenging times. While popular literature has generally portrayed this affective view of hope, most research has been conducted about models of hope that are more cognitive in nature. For xample, Averill and colleagues described hope as an emotion that was guided by cognitions and influenced by environmental conditions. Stotland and Gottschalk cach described hope as expectancies about reaching goals, with Stotland emphasizing the importance and probability of achieving goals, and Gottschalk describing a positive force that propels individuals to work through difficult circumstances. Similarly, Staats viewed hope as an expectancy which interacts with wishes to weigh the possibility and affect connected to the achievement of goals.

The theory of hope developed by C. R. Snyder and his colleagues over the past 20 years has received much attention both within and outside the field of psychology. In his seminal book, The Psychology of Hope, published in 1994, Snyder outlined his theory and early research efforts to understand hope more fully. Similar to previous theories, this conceptualization of hope is primarily cognitive in nature. though the theory evolved to include emotions as well. Snyder and colleagues described hope as a motivational state based on goals, pathways, and agency goal- directed thinking. Snyder proposes that goals are the targets of mental action and