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The relatively higher MBC/MIC ratios for MRSA, E. coli, and C. albicans imply that higher dosages or combination treatments may be necessary for these pathogens.The cytoplasm exhibits a consistent electron density, indicating that there is no leakage or disruption of intracellular contents.Although C. albicans showed inhibition at a lower concentration, the bacteriostatic nature of the extract (MBC/MIC ratio of 8) suggests it may need to be supplemented with other antifungal agents for complete eradication, especially in immunocompromised patients where fungal infections can be more severe.The MIC and MBC results for MP fruit extract underline its significant antimicrobial potential, particularly as a bactericidal agent against MDR bacterial strains such as Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella typhi.The study of the antibiofilm activity of Murraya paniculata fruit extract against several pathogenic organisms, including MDR bacteria and Candida albicans, demonstrates its potential to inhibit biofilm formation.Future research should focus on isolating specific bioactive compounds, determining optimal dosing, and exploring synergistic effects with other antimicrobial agents to enhance its efficacy against resistant pathogens.While it also shows efficacy against MRSA, E. coli, and Candida albicans, these organisms require higher concentrations for bactericidal or fungicidal activity, suggesting moderate resistance.The ultrastructural analysis and antibiofilm activity results of MP fruit extract provide insights into its mechanism of action against Staphylococcus aureus and other pathogenic organisms.This weakening may make the cells more susceptible to osmotic stress and environmental factors, suggesting a possible mechanism by which the extract compromises the bacteria's defenses.These findings support further exploration of MP fruit extract as a natural antimicrobial, with potential applications in bacterial and fungal infections.The spherical, cocci-shaped cells are densely packed with intact cell walls, indicative of a healthy bacterial structure.

The relatively higher MBC/MIC ratios for MRSA, E. coli, and C.
albicans imply that higher dosages or combination treatments may be necessary
for these pathogens. Although C. albicans showed inhibition at a lower
concentration, the bacteriostatic nature of the extract (MBC/MIC ratio of 8)
suggests it may need to be supplemented with other antifungal agents for
complete eradication, especially in immunocompromised patients where fungal
infections can be more severe. The MIC and MBC results for MP fruit extract
underline its significant antimicrobial potential, particularly as a bactericidal
agent against MDR bacterial strains such as Enterococcus faecalis and
Salmonella typhi. While it also shows efficacy against MRSA, E. coli, and
Candida albicans, these organisms require higher concentrations for bactericidal
or fungicidal activity, suggesting moderate resistance. These findings support
further exploration of MP fruit extract as a natural antimicrobial, with potential
applications in bacterial and fungal infections. Future research should focus on
isolating specific bioactive compounds, determining optimal dosing, and
exploring synergistic effects with other antimicrobial agents to enhance its
efficacy against resistant pathogens. The ultrastructural analysis and antibiofilm
activity results of MP fruit extract provide insights into its mechanism of action
against Staphylococcus aureus and other pathogenic organisms.
The TEM image of untreated S. aureus shows cells in their natural,
undisturbed state. The spherical, cocci-shaped cells are densely packed with
intact cell walls, indicative of a healthy bacterial structure. Key observations
include The cell wall appears robust and well-defined, maintaining the round
shape of the bacteria. The integrity of the peptidoglycan layer, which provides
structural rigidity and protection, is evident, showing no signs of damage. The
cytoplasm exhibits a consistent electron density, indicating that there is no
leakage or disruption of intracellular contents. This uniformity is characteristic of
healthy cells not subjected to any stress from antimicrobial agents. The untreated
cells lack any visible vacuoles, membrane disruptions, or other signs of cellular
damage. This suggests stability and a lack of stress, providing a clear baseline for
comparison with treated cells.
The TEM image of S. aureus treated with 31.25 μg/mL of the fruit extract
shows significant changes, highlighting the disruptive effects of the extract on
bacterial cell structure. Unlike the untreated cells, the treated S. aureus cells have
thinner, irregular cell walls, indicating that the extract has affected the integrity
of the cell wall. This weakening may make the cells more susceptible to osmotic
stress and environmental factors, suggesting a possible mechanism by which the
extract compromises the bacteria’s defenses. The cytoplasm in treated cells no
longer displays uniform electron density. Instead, it shows signs of leakage,
suggesting that the extract has disrupted the cell wall enough to allow intracellular
materials to escape. This is often associated with cell lysis or severe stress,
supporting the idea that the extract has a bactericidal effect on S. aureus. Treated
cells exhibit vacuole-like structures within the cytoplasm, often associated with
cellular damage or autolysis. These vacuoles may indicate that the cells undergo
internal breakdown, a response commonly seen when bacteria are exposed to
antimicrobial agents. This observation highlights the extract’s capability to
induce cellular stress, ultimately leading to cell death.
The study of the antibiofilm activity of Murraya paniculata fruit extract against
several pathogenic organisms, including MDR bacteria and Candida albicans,
demonstrates its potential to inhibit biofilm formation. Biofilms are protective
matrices that bacteria and fungi produce, making them resistant to antibiotics.
The fruit extract’s ability to inhibit biofilm formation at different concentrations
(25%, 50%, and 75% of the MIC) underscores its value as a potential biofilm-
disrupting agent.