خدمة تلخيص النصوص العربية أونلاين،قم بتلخيص نصوصك بضغطة واحدة من خلال هذه الخدمة
Psychology is both an ancient and modern science, where the existence of humanity has been found. In ancient times, it was included in the philosophical sciences, so he appeared during the many attempts of philosophical interpretations of the concepts of the human soul and the soul, which aimed to understand the many reasons behind the different behaviors of living beings. The beginnings of the rooting of psychology date back to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, where he created many different opinions, beliefs and theories towards the soul and the soul and their relationship to the material body. In general, psychology has gone through many historical and time eras; such as the Islamic ages, and the European Renaissance end of the modern era, and from its independence from philosophy, which refined the psychological and philosophical sciences to show its modern scientific appearance.
1.1. The emergence and spread of psychology and its development in various civilizations
The development and spread of psychology is generally considered on three historical stations and civilizations, namely the Greeks and Islamists or the so-called Middle Ages and Europeans. Or the so-called Middle Ages and the modern and contemporary eras with the emergence of several schools in modern psychology in the history and development of psychology among various civilizations, and what we find in the history of these ancient civilizations is surprising and admiration, such as the Greek civilization with its philosophical character in particular, although there are great civilizations before the knowledge of the Egyptians and Babylonians in arithmetic and astronomy. The Greek civilization is like the civilizations of Egypt and Babylon, but the Greece invented philosophy and science, and this is without denying.
Psychology of Islamists
There are many Muslim scholars and thinkers in medieval psychology. We present some of their theories as follows:
Al-Farabi 827-950: In the history of philosophy, he is called the second teacher, which is his honorary title, and he is one of the philosophers and great psychologists. A thousand of the great books, the most important of which is "the utopia" and his theory of the soul is based on the fact that the soul has four forces:
The food force: It is the force with which a person feeds and the main force is replaced by the heart, and then secondary forces branch out in the body, namely the stomach, the liver and the spleen.
Sense strength: With it, the five senses are perceived so that each sense is concerned with a certain aspect of the feeling.
The imagined power: and it draws in the soul from the senses after its absence from the sense and the synthesis of the images of the senses as it imagines the thing that has passed and that will happen
Psychology of Europeans
In Europe, at the beginning, there was no great scientific reflection on the nature of the human psyche, as it was the darkest and cruelest era against mental or physical illness or physical disability, and this is due to the control of the church men who were killing the disabled for their misery and the misery of the gods for them and burning the mental illness, as scientists who did not walk in the class and opinions of church men because they touched them from the devil in the belief of church men.
It was necessary to wait for the 17th century to start the French philosopher "Descartes 1576/1650 AD
A breakthrough that supported psychological research, so that the body is a machine that moves and behaves according to predictable ways if its input is known and what can be predicted is subject to scientific research, whether for human or animal membership, and these explanations that
Descartes presented its physical principles on the mechanisms of the body, as well as Lamtry 1709/1751 applied the same mechanical interpretation to human behavior and feeling is a machine that depends physically and mind on physical events such as disease, blindness ... Otherwise, the English news philosophy, which means all human knowledge, was caused by experience and not from innate ideas and represents the news philosophy "John Locke-David Humeume-James Mill" and one of its qualities is that it is the psychology of the senses.
According to the saying of the famous German psychologist "Herman Ebenghaus" 1850/1909
Psychology has a distant past, but its history is short, that is, psychology did not settle as an established science recognized until before the second half of the 19th century, as some historians know in 1860.
It is the date of the publication of the book Elements of Physical Psychology of the German scientist "Theodor Fiehner 1801/1881 Beginning of Modern Psychology while most of them are adopted in 1879
It is the date of the founding of the first laboratory in psychology at the University of Leiberg by the German "Helm Font 1832/1920 AD, but determining an accurate date for the beginning of psychology is a idiomic issue.
Subjects of psychology will not be understood without the number to their deep origins "philosophical - biological - physiological ... And other sciences.
The stage of modern philosophy: Psychology appeared in modern philosophy during the European Renaissance, which was characterized by many changes and developments that reached the philosophical view of soul, mind and human behavior in general. Among the most important philosophers whose theories emerged in this time period are the following:
John Locke: John Locke believed that man was born and is a white page, colored by all kinds of sensory experiences by gaining mental knowledge about delving into experimental and external environmental reality. Descartes: Descartes studied the feeling as one of the most important and prominent characteristics of the human mind, he did the dispute between the relationship between the physical body and the intangible mind.
Definition of psychology
Definition of psychology: To date, scientists have not reached a unified definition of psychology on which researchers or the majority of them gather, and this is due to the nature of psychology's association with philosophy; where it meets with the method and method of research, and deals with the study of topics with a philosophical approach, except for the nature of its influence on other sciences, which leads to a difference and difference of opinions and views in clarifying what this science and its concept, so the concepts about psychology differed and the multiplicity, and from the mentioned definitions of psychology.
The need for the branching of psychology has emerged to many branches, due to the expansion of other humanities and natural sciences and the expansion of their studies, so many branches appeared that addressed many aspects of the life and interaction of the individual and the environment, and these branches include:
3.1. Social psychology
It is the science that studies the relationship of the individual with the group and the conditions of upbringing imposed by this group, and the extent of the influence of the culture of the social system and its values on the individual, his trends and inclinations. It is also concerned with the study of the mutual interaction between the individual and the group in all social situations. It is concerned with the study of public opinion and international relations, and the differences between individuals according to the social classes.
3.2. Developmental psychology
It is the science that is concerned with the study of human behavior during the passage of different age stages and the factors affecting the growth process, that is, it deals with the age stages of childhood, adolescence, youth, adulthood and developmental characteristics of each stage, in addition to knowing the differences in developmental manifestations between individuals in different stages, and how the individual acquires different skills and experiences during his exposure to different situations.
3.3. Personality psychology
It is the science that studies ways to classify individuals into categories according to their personal characteristics through which it formulates the laws and principles of conduct, in addition to studying the factors affecting personality traits and their composition.
3.4. Physiological psychology
It is the science that generally studies human behavior from a physiological perspective, that is, understanding the physiological basis of this behavior, the physiological psychology is concerned with studying the nervous system and its functions and the extent of their impact on behavior. It deals, for example, with the mechanism of feeling and sensations through the study of neurologicals and their pathways, and the ways the brain control over behavioral processes, in addition to studying the deaf glands, and the extent to which their functions affect behavior.
Behavior as a complex total activity includes three aspects in which we can distinguish: the cognitive aspect: We are aware of the different manifestations and events around us and we interact with certain symbols and meanings, perception. Excellence. The evolution The imagination Thinking. Remembering. Linguistic symbolic expression is the cognitive aspect of behavior.
The motor side:
It means the motor response to weak verbal instructions or alerts (such as the response to the signal of passing walking or standing) (and in the process of writing poetic verses in the realization of the meaning of verses and words).
Emotional aspect of behavior:
It is the emotional state that accompanies the behavior, the tendency to a subject, enthusiasm for it and the demand for it are engines and stimulants of behavior, and satisfaction and discomfort towards the subject of behavior affects the arbitration of behavior or interruption of its response.
The structure of behavior therefore includes three aspects of "cognitive-rathic perception - procedural motor - emotional and emotional" these three aspects in an integrated unit. One of the most important characteristics of behavior is that it is a dynamic process, i.e. adjustable, interpretable and adapted based on the external influences that occur to the organism or the effects it is known to have from this behavior.
What are the fields of psychology?
Perception:
Perception is the study of how a person becomes aware of things, events, and relationships in the world around him, through the use of the senses.
The fields of hearing, sight, taste, smell, touch, and movement are among the most important areas that psychologists analyze in order to know how perception occurs.
Learning:
This field is an important field of psychology, through which scientists research how permanent changes occur in human behavior, which it acquires through experience, practice, and training.
Through this field, psychologists take care of the importance of reward and punishment in the learning process, how to learn different individuals and types, and the factors that affect memory.
Motivation:
Through this field, psychologists study the conscious forces and the unconscious forces that underlie the behavior of humans and other animals.
Scientists also focus on understanding the physical needs and sexual motives found in humans, as well as aggression and emotion.
Personality:
Human personality is one of the important fields studied by psychology, personality is the one that distinguishes people from each other, and it also explains their behavior.
Psychologists in this field study how an individual's personality develops, main personality patterns, and measure personality traits.
Social psychology
In this area, psychologists look at the social behavior of individuals and groups, and how behavior is affected by the presence of other people.
Social psychologists focus on communication processes and political behavior processes, and the certies that make up tendencies and trends.
Educational psychology
It is one of the important fields of psychology, through which teaching methods and teaching materials are improved, and the problem of learning in this field is solved and the ability to learn is measured, and the degree of educational progress.
Through this field, researchers develop achievement and development tests through which new educational methods are developed, and the degree of effectiveness of these methods is evaluated or how children of different ages learn is studied.
Clinical or Clinical Psychology:
This field uses the understanding it derives from developmental science and gay psychology to diagnose mental disorders and adaptation difficulties in order to treat them.
Through clinical psychology, scientists develop programs that reduce emotional diseases.
They also do research that helps a person to face all the difficulties and problems that he may experience during his life.
Psychology of gays:
Through this field, behavioral disorders and people with these disorders are treated.
Scientists are also looking for methods that could be used to treat these disorders.
Industrial psychology:
It is the field that is concerned with studying people in their workplaces, and examines the reasons why they increase their productivity.
Scientists in the field are also looking at how to choose workers and employees, leadership and management.
Physiological psychology: Scientists in this field study the relationship between behavior and body structure and functions. In addition, it studies the functioning of the nervous system, brain functions, and the effect that hormones play on human behavior. This field examines behavior and physical processes that affect learning and emotions.
Physiological psychology:
Scientists in this field are studying the relationship between behavior, body composition and functions.
In addition, it studies the functioning of the nervous system, studies brain function, and the effect that hormones play on human behavior.
This field researches behavior and physical processes that affect learning and emotions.
Comparative psychology:
In this field, similarities and differences in the behavior of animals of different types are identified.
Where psychologists systematically study the diverse and different abilities of animals, in addition to their needs and activities, and then work to compare them with the human race.
Developmental psychology:
This field of psychology studies the emotional, intellectual, and social changes that occur in people of different ages.
Psychologists specialize in the study of the problems of children and adolescents.
What does psychology have to do with science and other sciences?
Psychology is associated with a large number of other sciences, where there is a close connection between it and biology, as psychologists and biologists study the capabilities of humans and animals, the things they need, and the activities they do.
But what distinguishes psychologists from biologists is that they study the functioning of the nervous system, especially the work of the brain in particular.
Psychology is also associated with a number of social sciences and the most prominent social sciences in which psychology is related to etherology and sociology, as psychologists, races and sociologists study human tendencies and their relationships within the social scope, but the difference between them is that psychologists focus in their study on the behavior of individuals, because they research the person's thinking and the feelings that affect him.
In addition, there is a great similarity between psychology and psychiatry, but the difference between them is that psychologists, although they have a university degree in psychology, do not specialize in the treatment of mental disorders, while psychiatrists hold medical certificates, dedicating their lives to the treatment of mental disorders.
Thus, we see that psychology is a large number of fields in which man studies and analyzes his personality, and works to find solutions to the problems in which this man is located.
In conclusion, we hope that we have provided useful information through which we answered the question that we asked in the beginning, which is what are the fields of psychology?
Psychology is both an ancient and modern science, where the existence of humanity has been found. In ancient times, it was included in the philosophical sciences, so he appeared during the many attempts of philosophical interpretations of the concepts of the human soul and the soul, which aimed to understand the many reasons behind the different behaviors of living beings. The beginnings of the rooting of psychology date back to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, where he created many different opinions, beliefs and theories towards the soul and the soul and their relationship to the material body. In general, psychology has gone through many historical and time eras; such as the Islamic ages, and the European Renaissance end of the modern era, and from its independence from philosophy, which refined the psychological and philosophical sciences to show its modern scientific appearance.
1.1. The emergence and spread of psychology and its development in various civilizations
The development and spread of psychology is generally considered on three historical stations and civilizations, namely the Greeks and Islamists or the so-called Middle Ages and Europeans. Or the so-called Middle Ages and the modern and contemporary eras with the emergence of several schools in modern psychology in the history and development of psychology among various civilizations, and what we find in the history of these ancient civilizations is surprising and admiration, such as the Greek civilization with its philosophical character in particular, although there are great civilizations before the knowledge of the Egyptians and Babylonians in arithmetic and astronomy. The Greek civilization is like the civilizations of Egypt and Babylon, but the Greece invented philosophy and science, and this is without denying.
Psychology of Islamists
There are many Muslim scholars and thinkers in medieval psychology. We present some of their theories as follows:
Al-Farabi 827-950: In the history of philosophy, he is called the second teacher, which is his honorary title, and he is one of the philosophers and great psychologists. A thousand of the great books, the most important of which is "the utopia" and his theory of the soul is based on the fact that the soul has four forces:
The food force: It is the force with which a person feeds and the main force is replaced by the heart, and then secondary forces branch out in the body, namely the stomach, the liver and the spleen.
Sense strength: With it, the five senses are perceived so that each sense is concerned with a certain aspect of the feeling.
The imagined power: and it draws in the soul from the senses after its absence from the sense and the synthesis of the images of the senses as it imagines the thing that has passed and that will happen
Psychology of Europeans
In Europe, at the beginning, there was no great scientific reflection on the nature of the human psyche, as it was the darkest and cruelest era against mental or physical illness or physical disability, and this is due to the control of the church men who were killing the disabled for their misery and the misery of the gods for them and burning the mental illness, as scientists who did not walk in the class and opinions of church men because they touched them from the devil in the belief of church men.
It was necessary to wait for the 17th century to start the French philosopher "Descartes 1576/1650 AD
A breakthrough that supported psychological research, so that the body is a machine that moves and behaves according to predictable ways if its input is known and what can be predicted is subject to scientific research, whether for human or animal membership, and these explanations that
Descartes presented its physical principles on the mechanisms of the body, as well as Lamtry 1709/1751 applied the same mechanical interpretation to human behavior and feeling is a machine that depends physically and mind on physical events such as disease, blindness ... Otherwise, the English news philosophy, which means all human knowledge, was caused by experience and not from innate ideas and represents the news philosophy "John Locke-David Humeume-James Mill" and one of its qualities is that it is the psychology of the senses.
According to the saying of the famous German psychologist "Herman Ebenghaus" 1850/1909
Psychology has a distant past, but its history is short, that is, psychology did not settle as an established science recognized until before the second half of the 19th century, as some historians know in 1860.
It is the date of the publication of the book Elements of Physical Psychology of the German scientist "Theodor Fiehner 1801/1881 Beginning of Modern Psychology while most of them are adopted in 1879
It is the date of the founding of the first laboratory in psychology at the University of Leiberg by the German "Helm Font 1832/1920 AD, but determining an accurate date for the beginning of psychology is a idiomic issue.
Subjects of psychology will not be understood without the number to their deep origins "philosophical - biological - physiological ... And other sciences.
The stage of modern philosophy: Psychology appeared in modern philosophy during the European Renaissance, which was characterized by many changes and developments that reached the philosophical view of soul, mind and human behavior in general. Among the most important philosophers whose theories emerged in this time period are the following:
John Locke: John Locke believed that man was born and is a white page, colored by all kinds of sensory experiences by gaining mental knowledge about delving into experimental and external environmental reality. Descartes: Descartes studied the feeling as one of the most important and prominent characteristics of the human mind, he did the dispute between the relationship between the physical body and the intangible mind.
Definition of psychology
Definition of psychology: To date, scientists have not reached a unified definition of psychology on which researchers or the majority of them gather, and this is due to the nature of psychology's association with philosophy; where it meets with the method and method of research, and deals with the study of topics with a philosophical approach, except for the nature of its influence on other sciences, which leads to a difference and difference of opinions and views in clarifying what this science and its concept, so the concepts about psychology differed and the multiplicity, and from the mentioned definitions of psychology.
The need for the branching of psychology has emerged to many branches, due to the expansion of other humanities and natural sciences and the expansion of their studies, so many branches appeared that addressed many aspects of the life and interaction of the individual and the environment, and these branches include:
3.1. Social psychology
It is the science that studies the relationship of the individual with the group and the conditions of upbringing imposed by this group, and the extent of the influence of the culture of the social system and its values on the individual, his trends and inclinations. It is also concerned with the study of the mutual interaction between the individual and the group in all social situations. It is concerned with the study of public opinion and international relations, and the differences between individuals according to the social classes.
3.2. Developmental psychology
It is the science that is concerned with the study of human behavior during the passage of different age stages and the factors affecting the growth process, that is, it deals with the age stages of childhood, adolescence, youth, adulthood and developmental characteristics of each stage, in addition to knowing the differences in developmental manifestations between individuals in different stages, and how the individual acquires different skills and experiences during his exposure to different situations.
3.3. Personality psychology
It is the science that studies ways to classify individuals into categories according to their personal characteristics through which it formulates the laws and principles of conduct, in addition to studying the factors affecting personality traits and their composition.
3.4. Physiological psychology
It is the science that generally studies human behavior from a physiological perspective, that is, understanding the physiological basis of this behavior, the physiological psychology is concerned with studying the nervous system and its functions and the extent of their impact on behavior. It deals, for example, with the mechanism of feeling and sensations through the study of neurologicals and their pathways, and the ways the brain control over behavioral processes, in addition to studying the deaf glands, and the extent to which their functions affect behavior.
Behavior as a complex total activity includes three aspects in which we can distinguish: the cognitive aspect: We are aware of the different manifestations and events around us and we interact with certain symbols and meanings, perception. Excellence. The evolution The imagination Thinking. Remembering. Linguistic symbolic expression is the cognitive aspect of behavior.
The motor side:
It means the motor response to weak verbal instructions or alerts (such as the response to the signal of passing walking or standing) (and in the process of writing poetic verses in the realization of the meaning of verses and words).
Emotional aspect of behavior:
It is the emotional state that accompanies the behavior, the tendency to a subject, enthusiasm for it and the demand for it are engines and stimulants of behavior, and satisfaction and discomfort towards the subject of behavior affects the arbitration of behavior or interruption of its response.
The structure of behavior therefore includes three aspects of "cognitive-rathic perception - procedural motor - emotional and emotional" these three aspects in an integrated unit. One of the most important characteristics of behavior is that it is a dynamic process, i.e. adjustable, interpretable and adapted based on the external influences that occur to the organism or the effects it is known to have from this behavior.
What are the fields of psychology?
Perception:
Perception is the study of how a person becomes aware of things, events, and relationships in the world around him, through the use of the senses.
The fields of hearing, sight, taste, smell, touch, and movement are among the most important areas that psychologists analyze in order to know how perception occurs.
Learning:
This field is an important field of psychology, through which scientists research how permanent changes occur in human behavior, which it acquires through experience, practice, and training.
Through this field, psychologists take care of the importance of reward and punishment in the learning process, how to learn different individuals and types, and the factors that affect memory.
Motivation:
Through this field, psychologists study the conscious forces and the unconscious forces that underlie the behavior of humans and other animals.
Scientists also focus on understanding the physical needs and sexual motives found in humans, as well as aggression and emotion.
Personality:
Human personality is one of the important fields studied by psychology, personality is the one that distinguishes people from each other, and it also explains their behavior.
Psychologists in this field study how an individual's personality develops, main personality patterns, and measure personality traits.
Social psychology
In this area, psychologists look at the social behavior of individuals and groups, and how behavior is affected by the presence of other people.
Social psychologists focus on communication processes and political behavior processes, and the certies that make up tendencies and trends.
Educational psychology
It is one of the important fields of psychology, through which teaching methods and teaching materials are improved, and the problem of learning in this field is solved and the ability to learn is measured, and the degree of educational progress.
Through this field, researchers develop achievement and development tests through which new educational methods are developed, and the degree of effectiveness of these methods is evaluated or how children of different ages learn is studied.
Clinical or Clinical Psychology:
This field uses the understanding it derives from developmental science and gay psychology to diagnose mental disorders and adaptation difficulties in order to treat them.
Through clinical psychology, scientists develop programs that reduce emotional diseases.
They also do research that helps a person to face all the difficulties and problems that he may experience during his life.
Psychology of gays:
Through this field, behavioral disorders and people with these disorders are treated.
Scientists are also looking for methods that could be used to treat these disorders.
Industrial psychology:
It is the field that is concerned with studying people in their workplaces, and examines the reasons why they increase their productivity.
Scientists in the field are also looking at how to choose workers and employees, leadership and management.
Physiological psychology: Scientists in this field study the relationship between behavior and body structure and functions. In addition, it studies the functioning of the nervous system, brain functions, and the effect that hormones play on human behavior. This field examines behavior and physical processes that affect learning and emotions.
Physiological psychology:
Scientists in this field are studying the relationship between behavior, body composition and functions.
In addition, it studies the functioning of the nervous system, studies brain function, and the effect that hormones play on human behavior.
This field researches behavior and physical processes that affect learning and emotions.
Comparative psychology:
In this field, similarities and differences in the behavior of animals of different types are identified.
Where psychologists systematically study the diverse and different abilities of animals, in addition to their needs and activities, and then work to compare them with the human race.
Developmental psychology:
This field of psychology studies the emotional, intellectual, and social changes that occur in people of different ages.
Psychologists specialize in the study of the problems of children and adolescents.
What does psychology have to do with science and other sciences?
Psychology is associated with a large number of other sciences, where there is a close connection between it and biology, as psychologists and biologists study the capabilities of humans and animals, the things they need, and the activities they do.
But what distinguishes psychologists from biologists is that they study the functioning of the nervous system, especially the work of the brain in particular.
Psychology is also associated with a number of social sciences and the most prominent social sciences in which psychology is related to etherology and sociology, as psychologists, races and sociologists study human tendencies and their relationships within the social scope, but the difference between them is that psychologists focus in their study on the behavior of individuals, because they research the person's thinking and the feelings that affect him.
In addition, there is a great similarity between psychology and psychiatry, but the difference between them is that psychologists, although they have a university degree in psychology, do not specialize in the treatment of mental disorders, while psychiatrists hold medical certificates, dedicating their lives to the treatment of mental disorders.
Thus, we see that psychology is a large number of fields in which man studies and analyzes his personality, and works to find solutions to the problems in which this man is located.
In conclusion, we hope that we have provided useful information through which we answered the question that we asked in the beginning, which is what are the fields of psychology?
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