لخّصلي

Newmark (1981) holds the view that translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message or statement in one language by the same message or statement in another language. In his book of 1988, it is "rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text", and he adopts the view that translation can be a science, an art, a skill, or taste Newmark's view on translation is that the translation of a text could potentially rest on ten factors writer and the TL readership, SL norms and TL norms, SL culture and TL culture, SL setting and tradition and TL setting and tradition. At least three dichotomies such as cultures, languages, and the truth (the facts of the matter) and the translator.

Newmark object to the view that translation is a way of communication. In his perspective, if we pay much attention to the communicative translation, it will be prone to result in the inadequacy of meaning. Thereby, Newmark regards the text as a fundamental unit and hold that all studies of translation theories should refer to text. The kernel of Newmark's theories is text-centered He suggests narrowing the gap by replacing the old terms (literal and free, sense for sense and word for word, etc.) with those of 'semantic and communicative translation. However, provided that equivalent- effect is secured, for him, the literal word for word translation is not only the best, it is the only valid method of translation.

Semantic translation is more objective, pays attention to accuracy, obeys the culture of the original language and the original author, translates the semantics of the original text, and interprets it only when the connotative meaning of the original text constitutes the biggest obstacle to understanding. However, semantic translation cannot ignore conveying to readers. Therefore, if the original text is not a modern work, it must be translated into a modern language to translate closer to the readers. If the symbolism and expressive elements in the original text cannot be understood by the target readers, the translator must try to make them understandable. On the other hand, communicative translation is more active and only pays attention to the reaction of the readers of the target text, so that the original language is subject to the target language and the target language culture, and does not leave any doubts and obscurities for the readers. For this reason, the translator can revise the original text, but this does not mean that the translator can disrespect the original text, after all, the original text is the only

source of translation.

Semantic translation: This is similar to faithful translation; however, it attempts to keep

the aesthetic value of the SL text.

Communicative translation: This attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of

the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and

comprehensible to the readership.