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2.1 Polymerisation and phase transformations
Thermosetting resin changes its state from liquid to gel and then solid during the exother- mic cross-linking reactions, which is facilitated by heaters attached to the pultrusion die.2.1 is a schematic diagram showing the cross-linking or polymeri- sation steps of a thermosetting resin.The TTT diagram indicates a well-thought-out framework for key aspects, such as phase separation, gelation, vitrification, full cure, and devitrification, which take place during the isothermal curing of thermosetting resins.During the chemical reactions, the viscosity, density, elastic modulus, and glass transition temperature T, of the thermoset resin change; in addition, the molar mass increases as a result of the cross-linking reactions.Gillham [3] studied the phase transformations for thermosetting resins and proposed a time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram depicted in Fig.2.1c), a fully cured state is obtained, in which the resin is solidified into a glassy state.Fig.2.1b.2.2.
2.1 Polymerisation and phase transformations
Thermosetting resin changes its state from liquid to gel and then solid during the exother- mic cross-linking reactions, which is facilitated by heaters attached to the pultrusion die. During the chemical reactions, the viscosity, density, elastic modulus, and glass transition temperature T, of the thermoset resin change; in addition, the molar mass increases as a result of the cross-linking reactions. Internal heat generation occurs due to the exother- mic reaction, and the matrix temperature usually exceeds the set temperatures of the heating die. The degree of cure increases during the cross-linking process and in general is related to the level of cross-linking. When the cross-linking or degree of cure reaches a cer- tain point, gelation occurs, and the formation of the infinite network becomes apparent for the first time [1,2]. Fig. 2.1 is a schematic diagram showing the cross-linking or polymeri- sation steps of a thermosetting resin. At the beginning of the reaction, there is minimal connection between the monomers (Fig. 2.1a), and hence the mobility of the liquid resin is high. Once the chemical reaction starts, linear growth and branching occur, which can be considered as the prepolymer stage or the gel state, as schematically seen in Fig. 2.1b. When complete cross-linking occurs (Fig. 2.1c), a fully cured state is obtained, in which the resin is solidified into a glassy state.
The phase transformations that occur during the curing stage depend on time and temperature. Gillham [3] studied the phase transformations for thermosetting resins and proposed a time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram depicted in Fig. 2.2. The TTT diagram indicates a well-thought-out framework for key aspects, such as phase separation, gelation, vitrification, full cure, and devitrification, which take place during the isothermal curing of thermosetting resins. The gelation stage was described in [3] as the incipient
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