Lakhasly

ntroduction Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from a defect in insulin secretion and/or insulin action [1].Managing diabetes without side effects remains a research challenge [14].These products include propolis, a natural resinous and highly adhesive substance made by bees (Apis mellifera L.) from the buds and leaves of certain plants, mixed with pollen and enzymes secreted by the bees [17].Failure to manage diabetes leads to complications linked to a number of factors, including chronic hyperglycemia, enzymatic glycation of proteins and oxidative stress [6].In the case of T2DM, hygienic and dietary measures are the first components of treatment, with the introduction of a low-calorie diet rich in dietary fiber; unsaturated fats, and regular physical activity [8].Bees use propolis as an antiseptic or as a glue to seal the spaces between bees nests, to embalm dead intruders and to protect the hive from contamination [18].There are two main types of diabetes mellitus: type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), resulting from an autoimmune reaction against the ?-cells of the pancreas, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), characterized by insulin resistance [4]. If dietary hygiene measures are ineffective, oral antidiabetics (Metformin, glibenclamide, etc.) may be considered.Current therapies for managing diabetes mellitus help to maintain blood glucose levels around normal and prevent the onset of complications.

ntroduction
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized
by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from a defect in insulin secretion and/or insulin action [1]. Diabetes is affecting more and more people around the world, and is now a
major public health problem. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), there will be 537 million
diabetics aged between 20 and 79 in 2021. This number is
expected to rise to 643 million by 2030 and 783 million by
2045. In Africa, the number is 24 million and is expected
to reach 55 million by 2045 [2]. In Cameroon, the prevalence of this disease reaches 6% of individuals aged between 20 and 79 [3]. There are two main types of diabetes
mellitus: type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), resulting from
an autoimmune reaction against the β-cells of the pancreas,
and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), characterized by
insulin resistance [4]. T2DM is the most common form of
diabetes, accounting for around 90% of cases worldwide
[2]. This alarming figure is due to changes in lifestyle [5].
Failure to manage diabetes leads to complications linked
to a number of factors, including chronic hyperglycemia,
enzymatic glycation of proteins and oxidative stress [6].
Oxidative stress is at the root of diabetic complications
such as retinopathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease
and ulcers [7]. Current therapies for managing diabetes
mellitus help to maintain blood glucose levels around
normal and prevent the onset of complications. In the case
of T2DM, hygienic and dietary measures are the first
components of treatment, with the introduction of a
low-calorie diet rich in dietary fiber; unsaturated fats, and
regular physical activity [8]. If dietary hygiene measures
are ineffective, oral antidiabetics (Metformin,
glibenclamide, etc.) may be considered. However, the use
of these drugs has worrying side effects, such as nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, weight gain, increased risk of
heart failure and fractures, fever, hypoglycemia and reduced appetite [9-13]. Managing diabetes without side
effects remains a research challenge [14]. Natural products are considered an effective alternative for diabetes
management, due to their efficacy and safety [15]. Apitherapy is a practice used in traditional medicine that
encourages the use of bee products for therapeutic purposes [16]. These products include propolis, a natural
resinous and highly adhesive substance made by bees
(Apis mellifera L.) from the buds and leaves of certain
plants, mixed with pollen and enzymes secreted by the
bees [17]. Bees use propolis as an antiseptic or as a glue to
seal the spaces between bees nests, to embalm dead intruders and to protect the hive from contamination [18].
The chemical composition of propolis varies according to
the geographical area in which it is harvested and the type
of flora in that region. Today, more than 300 compounds,
including flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids