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Introduction: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is found naturally in a few foods, or added to other food as a fortified food and is also available as a nutritional supplement.While calcium is a mineral that is most frequently linked to strong bones and teeth and could be found in milk, cheese and other dairy products.On the other hand, no effect on reducing the risk of fractures was found in (3 studies ) while 6 studies did not show any effect on BMD or osteoporosis improvement among post-menopausal women.In addition, several studies supported the use of sufficient vitamin D and calcium dietary intake and supplements among post-menopausal women in reducing the risk of fractures (7 studies ) and in the improvement of BMD and osteoporosis (9 studies ).Results: According to this review, 11 studies showed that vitamin D and calcium deficiency are high among post- menopausal and it is associated with decreased BMD and increased risk of osteoporosis.In addition, post-menopausal women are more susceptible to osteoporosis, which occurs when bone mineral density declines, as a result, there may be an elevated risk of fractures.Investigated studies include systemic reviews, randomized clinical trials, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and observational studies.
Introduction: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is found naturally in a few foods, or added to other food as a fortified food and is also available as a nutritional supplement.While calcium is a mineral that is most frequently linked to strong bones and teeth and could be found in milk, cheese and other dairy products. Post-menopause refers to the period following menopause when the menstrual cycle has been absent for more than a year. In addition, post-menopausal women are more susceptible to osteoporosis, which occurs when bone mineral density declines, as a result, there may be an elevated risk of fractures. Objective: This review has discussed the effects of vitamin D and calcium dietary intake or supplementation on post-menopausal women at risk of osteoporosis. Method: In this review, data was collected using PubMed and Google Scholar from December 2022 to February 2023. Investigated studies include systemic reviews, randomized clinical trials, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and observational studies. In addition, some information and facts were collected from reference books and official organizations. Results: According to this review, 11 studies showed that vitamin D and calcium deficiency are high among post- menopausal and it is associated with decreased BMD and increased risk of osteoporosis. Also, 4 studies showed a high prevalence of osteoporosis among post-menopausal women. In addition, several studies supported the use of sufficient vitamin D and calcium dietary intake and supplements among post-menopausal women in reducing the risk of fractures (7 studies ) and in the improvement of BMD and osteoporosis (9 studies ). On the other hand, no effect on reducing the risk of fractures was found in (3 studies ) while 6 studies did not show any effect on BMD or osteoporosis improvement among post-menopausal women. Conclusion: A diet rich in vitamin D and calcium as
well as supplements has a favorable effect on bone health among post-menopausal women. Including reducing the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.
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