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Many species of wildlife have been eliminated from their traditional range, for one reason or another.In other cases, species have naturally recovered from catastrophic decline, expanding into their former range.In remarkably short order, this massive population was nearly extirpated, through a combination of commercial hunting by Europeans and subsistence hunting by aboriginal groups, competition with livestock, and fencing off of migration routes (Isenberg 2000).A small relict population of otters survived in an inaccessible part of the California coast south of Monterey Bay and provided the nucleus for gradual spread of the population back northward and southward along the coast.A well-documented example is the California sea otter (Enhydra lutris; Lubina and Levin 1988).
Many species of wildlife have been eliminated from their traditional range, for one
reason or another. This can even happen to common species, such as the plains bison
(Bison bison). Europeans arriving in North America encountered millions of bison on
the Great Plains. In remarkably short order, this massive population was nearly extirpated, through a combination of commercial hunting by Europeans and subsistence
hunting by aboriginal groups, competition with livestock, and fencing off of migration routes (Isenberg 2000). Since the turn of the century, the plains bison has been
reestablished by wildlife authorities to parts of its former range, though in nothing like
its former abundance. Such reintroductions are becoming ever more common.
In other cases, species have naturally recovered from catastrophic decline, expanding
into their former range. A well-documented example is the California sea otter (Enhydra lutris; Lubina and Levin 1988). This species was nearly exterminated throughout
its Pacific Coast range through overharvesting by fur traders in the late 19th century,
before a moratorium on harvesting was signed in 1911. A small relict population of
otters survived in an inaccessible part of the California coast south of Monterey Bay
and provided the nucleus for gradual spread of the population back northward and
southward along the coast.
Whether intentional or accidental, such reintroductions have some fascinating characteristics that have important bearing on their successful conservation. Key among
these is the interplay between demography and patterns of movement
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