Lakhasly

Collection of the stool specimen the feces, pass the stool sample in a clean, dry, disinfectant free, suitable white necked container or a plastic cup with a tight-fitting lid. About 20 to 40 grams of well-formed stool or five to six ML of watery stool will suffice for routine examination.
All specimens properly labeled with the cat's name, age, sex, and the date of the sample collection (Figure 3.1). Precautions do not keep the specimen at warm temperatures. Try to keep it in cool places. Prevent the drying of the specimen.
Materials: glass slides, normal saline, lugols iodine, saturated saline solution, applicator sticks, test tubes, microscopic examination the laboratory diagnosis of (Figure 3.2).

Most parasitic infections are by the demonstration of ova and cysts of the parasite in the stools of the infected cat.
Sample preparation method, the stool can be examined by the following techniques:
Wet mount examination, iodine preparation, and concentration techniques.
1- saline specimen preparation method
place a drop of normal saline on a labeled glass slide (Figure 3.3), using an applicator stick transfer a small portion of the stool from the mucoid or blood or particulate matter in a watery stool and mix well in the saline (Figure 3.4), place a cover slip over it without any air bubbles and examine immediately.

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2- Iodine specimen preparation method places a drop of iodine on a labeled glass slide using an applicator stick. Transfer a small portion of the stool from mucoid blood or particulate matter into a watery stool and mix well in the saline. Place a cover slip over it without any air bubbles and examine immediately (Figure 3.5).

3-Concentration method
If the number of parasites in the stool specimens is low, the examination of a direct wet mount may not reveal them, and hence the stool should be concentrated.
Fill a test tube half with saturated saline. Add a small amount of stool in. It and
emulsify well with an applicator stick, fill the tube to the brim with saturated saline. Cover with a glass slide, touching the surface of the mixture. Leave undisturbed for 15 minutes. Remove the slide without spillage. Place on a flat surface and cover the area smeared with a sample with a cover slip, taking care to avoid air bubbles, and
examine under the microscope.
To examine the slide, put the slide, with the mounts on the microscope stage and focus on the mount with the low power objective, first, systematically scan the entire cover slip area using the ten-x objective in a zigzag manner, if something suspicious is seen a higher magnification may be necessary.
3.3 Macroscopic fecal analysis
Examination of total stool:
The following characteristics are observed in the visual examination of stool samples:

· The consistency of the stool, if it is soft or liquid, indicates diarrhea, and if it is dry and solid, it indicates constipation
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· The color of the stool, if the color of the stool is grey, indicates a lack of bile secretion and a defect in bile Liver. If the color is brown or black, it indicates the presence of digested blood or an increase in bile secretion. If the stool is red, this indicates the presence of blood. Its color was light green, which indicates a defect in the digestive glands in the intestines and rennet.
· The presence of mucus in the stool. The presence of mucus mixed with stool indicates gastroenteritis.
· The presence of the parasite in the stool, Such as pieces of tapeworms, roundworms (Ascaris), or gastric myiasis larvae in horses.
3.4 Microscopic fecal analysis
· Microscopic fecal analysis:
A microscopic analysis of the feces is the essential initial step in identifying stool abnormalities and intestinal issues. Microscopic inspection is a diagnostic technique for identifying and classifying protozoa, helminths, and fecal leukocytes. Erythrocytes and leukocytes are not observed in normal stool. (Kasırga E. 2019).
Sample collection: Fresh stools can be examined immediately for moving organisms. If quick exploration of the feces is not feasible, it can be preserved in a 10% formalin solution to detect helminths and protozoa. At least three consecutive stool samples are needed for the examination of parasites. Contamination of stool with urine should be avoided. (van Gool et al., 2003).
Sample preparation: Due to the unpredictable excretion of cysts and trophozoites, three samples on different days may be necessary to diagnose infection accurately. The samples are intensified and stained with iodine to detect cysts. Iron hematoxylin or iodine is recommended to detect trophozoites. Leukocytes may be absent in stool samples due to the disintegration caused by parasitic organisms (CDC - DPDX, 2016).
Microscopic examinations:

By Direct smear: a small amount of feces is placed on a slide, mixed with saline or iodine solution drops, and covered with a coverslip. The slide was then examined under a microscope to detect motile parasites such as protozoa (e.g., Giardia, Tritrichomonas) or helminth eggs.
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3.5 Parasite detection

An ova and parasite test examines a sample of your stool (poop) under a microscope to search for intestinal parasites and their eggs, or ova. Another name for the test is an O&P.

Eggs and parasites are detected in the stool of animals who have intestinal parasites. Water, soil, food, and drinks can all contain minute amounts of tainted excrement that are invisible to the naked eye, smell, or taste. Parasites can also get on any surface that an infected person touches if they don't thoroughly wash their hands after using the restroom. Other names: fecal smear, egg cyst, stool sample exam, stool O&P, parasite examination (stool).
How can detect parasites from feces?
1-Tools:
v Iodine

v Normal saline
v Stool sample

v Microscope
v Petri dish
v Beaker

v Microscopic slides
v Spatula

v Test tube
v Gloves
v Stool collection container
2- Method: First, we put the stool sample in the Petri dish; then put iodine and normal saline on it. After that, we took a little of the stool sample and put it on a microscopic slide, and then we put it in the microscopic