Lakhasly

Coronaviruses belong to the order Nidovirales in the family coronaviridae.20 The N protein attaches to the viral genome and is involved in RNA replication, virion formation and immune evasion.The length of the SARS-CoV-2 genome is less than 30 kb, in which there are 14 open reading frames (ORFs), encoding non-structural proteins (NSPs) for virus replication and assembly processes, structural proteins including spike (S), envelope (E), membrane/matrix (M) and nucleocapsid (N), and accessory proteins.18 , 19 The S protein is a transmembrane protein that facilitates the binding of viral envelop to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors expressed on host cell surfaces.16 , 17 The first ORF contains approximately 65% of the viral genome and translates into either polyprotein pp1a (nsp1-11) or pp1ab (nsp1-16).Similar to other coronaviruses, the genome of SARS-CoV-2 is positive-sense single-stranded RNA [(+) ssRNA] with a 5?-cap, 3'-UTR poly(A) tail.

Coronaviruses belong to the order Nidovirales in the family coronaviridae. Coronavirinae and Torovirinae subfamilies are divided from the family. The subfamily Coronavirinae is further divided into four genera: Alpha‐, Beta‐, Gamma‐ and Deltacoronavirus. 15 Phylogenic analysis revealed that SARS‐CoV‐2 is closely related to the beta‐coronaviruses. Similar to other coronaviruses, the genome of SARS‐CoV‐2 is positive‐sense single‐stranded RNA [(+) ssRNA] with a 5′‐cap, 3'‐UTR poly(A) tail. The length of the SARS‐CoV‐2 genome is less than 30 kb, in which there are 14 open reading frames (ORFs), encoding non‐structural proteins (NSPs) for virus replication and assembly processes, structural proteins including spike (S), envelope (E), membrane/matrix (M) and nucleocapsid (N), and accessory proteins. 16 , 17 The first ORF contains approximately 65% of the viral genome and translates into either polyprotein pp1a (nsp1–11) or pp1ab (nsp1–16). Among them, six nsps (NSP3, NSP9, NSP10, NSP12, NSP15 and NSP16) play critical roles in viral replication. Other ORFs encode structural and accessory proteins. 18 , 19 The S protein is a transmembrane protein that facilitates the binding of viral envelop to angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors expressed on host cell surfaces. Functionally, the spike protein is composed of receptor binding (S1) and cell membrane fusion (S2) subunits. 20 The N protein attaches to the viral genome and is involved in RNA replication, virion formation and immune evasion. The nucleocapsid protein also interacts with the nsp3 and M proteins. 21 The M protein is one of the most abundant and well‐conserved proteins in the virion structure. This protein promotes the assembly and budding of viral particles through interaction with N and accessory proteins 3a and 7a. 22 , 23 The E protein is the smallest component in the SARS‐CoV‐2 structure that facilitates the production, maturation and release of virions