Lakhasly

In nonexperimental studies, it is often more diffi cult to label variables as independent or dependent.Not only does it precede student achievement but also it would be illogical to say that student achievement infl uenced teacher experience.In a study of the relationship between self-confi dence and popularity in high school students, either variable could be considered independent or dependent.If you investigate the effect of motivation on achievement, then motivation is the independent variable

In nonexperimental studies, it is often more diffi cult to label variables as independent or dependent. We call the variable that inevitably precedes another one
in time the independent variable. In a study of the relationship between teacher
experience and students’ achievement scores, teacher experience would be considered the independent variable. Not only does it precede student achievement
but also it would be illogical to say that student achievement infl uenced teacher
experience.
In some other cases, it is not possible to tell which variable is antecedent
and which follows. In a study of the relationship between self-confi dence and
popularity in high school students, either variable could be considered independent or dependent. It is possible for a variable to be an independent variable in
one study and a dependent variable in another. Whether a variable is independent or dependent depends on the purpose of the study. If you investigate the
effect of motivation on achievement, then motivation is the independent variable