Lakhasly

From the above comprehensive discussion of bioremediation, one can easily understand that ex situ and in situ bioremediation techniques are widely using for waste minimization and the cleanup of contaminated soil and water.Also the application of geneti- cally engineered microbes in bioremediation is a promising and advanced tech- nique which facilitates the effective degradation of a recalcitrant pollutant by utilizing the novel and efficient catabolic pathways, increasing the substrate domain for degradation process, and increasing the stability of the degradation activity of microbes (Paul et al., 2005).On the other side, the emerging advanced molecular techniques (metagenomics, genomics, metabolo- mics, transcriptomics, and proteomics) have resolved the problems associated with microbial culturing and provide better knowledge of microbial diversity and their functions, and the metabolic and catabolic pathways present at a given pol- luted environmental site, which contribute to enhancing the mitigation of emerg- ing pollutants and related problems.

From the above comprehensive discussion of bioremediation, one can easily understand that ex situ and in situ bioremediation techniques are widely using for waste minimization and the cleanup of contaminated soil and water. Further advances in genomic, molecular, and biotechnological techniques may aid in the expansion of bioremediation approaches. In spite of individual bioremediation technique use, the application of various bioremediation techniques simulta- neously can be a more efficient, promising, and cost-effective solution to the pol- lution problem. The application of biosurfactant-mediated bioremediation to clean hydrocarbons-contaminated sites in order to improve the solubilization and bio- availability of pollutants to the microbes is gaining interest nowadays. This can be possible due to the low cost of biosurfactant production using microbes supple- mented with agroindustrial waste and the biodegradable nature. Furthermore, with the help of bioaugmentation and biostimulation techniques, the biodegradation potential of the indigenous microbes can be enhanced. On the other side, the emerging advanced molecular techniques (metagenomics, genomics, metabolo- mics, transcriptomics, and proteomics) have resolved the problems associated with microbial culturing and provide better knowledge of microbial diversity and their functions, and the metabolic and catabolic pathways present at a given pol- luted environmental site, which contribute to enhancing the mitigation of emerg- ing pollutants and related problems. New emerging technology, such as microbial fuel cells inoculated with microbes (Shewenwlla sp. and Pseudomonas sp.), may be considered as potential candidates for the bioremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (phenanthrene)-contaminated sites. Also the application of geneti- cally engineered microbes in bioremediation is a promising and advanced tech- nique which facilitates the effective degradation of a recalcitrant pollutant by utilizing the novel and efficient catabolic pathways, increasing the substrate domain for degradation process, and increasing the stability of the degradation activity of microbes (Paul et al., 2005). The improvement in nanoscience and technology has resulted in numerous nanomaterials which act as biocatalysts and improve the surface area and decrease the activation energy for the biodegrada- tion process.