Lakhasly

History of the development of the ICD 1.He took all deaths classed as thrush, convulsions, rickets, teeth and worms, abortives, chrysomes, infants, livergrown, and overlaid and added to them half the deaths classed as smallpox, swinepox, measles, and worms without convulsions.Early history Sir George Knibbs, the eminent Australian statistician, credited Francois Bossier de Lacroix (1706-1777), better known as Sauvages, with the first attempt to classify diseases systematically (10).While three centuries have contributed something to the scientific accuracy of disease classification, there are many who doubt the usefulness of attempts to compile statistics of disease, or even causes of death, because of the difficulties of classification.Both nomenclature and statistical classification received constant study and consideration by Farr in his annual "Letters" to the Registrar General published in the Annual Reports of the Registrar General.A contemporary of Sauvages was the great methodologist Linnaeus (1707-1778), one of whose treatises was entitled Genera morborum.At the beginning of the 19th century, the classification of disease in most general use was one by William Cullen (1710-1790), of Edinburgh, which was published in 1785 under the title Synopsis nosologiae methodicae.The kind of classification envisaged by this pioneer is exemplified by his attempt to estimate the proportion of liveborn children who died before reaching the age of six years, no records of age at death being available.Sauvages' comprehensive treatise was published under the title Nosologia methodica.For all practical purposes, however, the statistical study of disease began a century earlier with the work of John Graunt on the London Bills of Mortality.Despite the crudity of this classification his estimate of a 36 % mortality before the age of six years appears from later evidence to have been a good one.

History of the development of the ICD

1. Early history
   Sir George Knibbs, the eminent Australian statistician, credited François Bossier de Lacroix (1706-1777), better
   known as Sauvages, with the first attempt to classify diseases systematically (10). Sauvages' comprehensive treatise
   was published under the title Nosologia methodica. A contemporary of Sauvages was the great methodologist
   Linnaeus (1707-1778), one of whose treatises was entitled Genera morborum. At the beginning of the 19th century,
   the classification of disease in most general use was one by William Cullen (1710-1790), of Edinburgh, which was
   published in 1785 under the title Synopsis nosologiae methodicae.
   For all practical purposes, however, the statistical study of disease began a century earlier with the work of John
   Graunt on the London Bills of Mortality. The kind of classification envisaged by this pioneer is exemplified by his
   attempt to estimate the proportion of liveborn children who died before reaching the age of six years, no records of
   age at death being available. He took all deaths classed as thrush, convulsions, rickets, teeth and worms, abortives,
   chrysomes, infants, livergrown, and overlaid and added to them half the deaths classed as smallpox, swinepox,
   measles, and worms without convulsions.
   Despite the crudity of this classification his estimate of a 36 % mortality before the age of six years appears from
   later evidence to have been a good one. While three centuries have contributed something to the scientific accuracy
   of disease classification, there are many who doubt the usefulness of attempts to compile statistics of disease, or
   even causes of death, because of the difficulties of classification. To these, one can quote Major Greenwood: "The
   scientific purist, who will wait for medical statistics until they are nosologically exact, is no wiser than Horace's
   rustic waiting for the river to flow away" (11).
   Fortunately for the progress of preventive medicine, the General Register Office of England and Wales, at its
   inception in 1837, found in William Farr (1807-1883) - its first medical statistician - a man who not only made the
   best possible use of the imperfect classifications of disease available at the time, but laboured to secure better
   classifications and international uniformity in their use.
   Farr found the classification of Cullen in use in the public services of his day. It had not been revised to embody the
   advances of medical science, nor was it deemed by him to be satisfactory for statistical purposes. In the first Annual
   Report of the Registrar General (12), therefore, he discussed the principles that should govern a statistical
   classification of disease and urged the adoption of a uniform classification as follows:
   The advantages of a uniform statistical nomenclature, however imperfect, are so obvious, that it is surprising no attention has been paid to
   its enforcement in Bills of Mortality. Each disease has, in many instances, been denoted by three or four terms, and each term has been
   applied to as many different diseases: vague, inconvenient names have been employed, or complications have been registered instead of
   primary diseases. The nomenclature is of as much importance in this department of inquiry as weights and measures in the physical
   sciences, and should be settled without delay.
   Both nomenclature and statistical classification received constant study and consideration by Farr in his annual
   "Letters" to the Registrar General published in the Annual Reports of the Registrar General. The utility of a
   uniform classification of causes of death was so strongly recognized at the first International Statistical Congress,
   held in Brussels in 1853, that the Congress requested William Farr and Marc d'Espine, of Geneva, to prepare an
   internationally applicable, uniform classification of causes of death. At the next Congress, in Paris in 1855, Farr
   and d'Espine submitted two separate lists which were based on very different principles. Farr's classification was
   arranged under five groups: epidemic diseases, constitutional (general) diseases, local diseases arranged according
   to anatomical site, developmental diseases, and diseases that are the direct result of violence. D'Espine classified