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Introduction
Technical translation is a type of specialized translation that involves the translation of documents submitted by technical writers or specifically texts relating to areas of technical material or texts dealing with the scientific application of technical and scientific While the presence of specialized terms is one of the advantages of technical texts, specialized terms alone are not sufficient to classify a text as "technical" because many disciplines and topics that are not considered "technical" have what can be considered specialized terms. Technical translation covers many types of specialized texts and requires a high level of subject knowledge, mastery of relevant terminology, and writing of conventions. Errors in technical and scientific translation can cause very costly, unnecessary, and avoidable wasted time. In the medical industry, inaccurate translations can put people's lives at risk. Technical translation is necessary for multiple fields, from engineering to construction and healthcare. Any errors in the translated texts or missing information can easily lead to costly lawsuits or the need to retranslate your company document Through this research that we present in your hands, we will learn about the problems facing technical translators and possible solutions to reduce them, and educate the researcher about them. Statement of the Problem
The difficulties facing translation and technical translation in particular, many translators face on the practical or academic Many studies have proven its prevalence. Despite this, it has not received much attention from scientific research. The researcher conducted an exploratory study of the most important and serious of these problems based on previous studies and translators' experiences? to stand at these problems and try to find satisfactory solutions for what is required. Significance of the study
The importance of this study stems from the fact that it is one of the studies to detail problems in technical translation . Besides, it makes an additive contribution to the research studies that have been conducted in the field of translation.The significance of the study is evident in its theoretical and applied aspects as follows:
A.Theoretical significance:
The importance of theoretical study is the following points:
?Enriching the library with a topic worthy of attention and study. ? This study targeted the most important problems through the fact experience. B.Applied importance:
The applied importance of this study is:
?Provide content about the problems facing technical translators. ? Provide strategies for analyzing the problems facing technical translators. Literature review
According Harsha(2020),Technical translation has become such a crucial part of translation as it has been recognized that nearly 90% of all translations are technical translation (Kingscott (2002). Having recognized the importance of this, it is observed that number of universities and colleges have given prominence to technical translation in their respective degree programmes or diplomas in relation to translation studies. However, one of the difficulties confronted by number of students and academics in this particular field is that there is no definite theory as to what technical translation exactly mean. There are two widely known major perspectives on technical translation; translation of documents related to technology, and the translation of documents of specialized areas (Newmark, 1988). Liraz(2021), Literary translation is entirely different to technical translation, which deals with reports, instructions, manuals, and material which, in general, is directed at a specific audience who focuses on this type of text. It's extremely important that the use of just the right vocabulary is used in this case; however, the style of text and the aesthetic are not as important. In addition, a translator working with technical content will often be required to have specific knowledge in that particular field. Mathieson, Al-Aramid (2017),This study aims to show the challenges that translators face in translating technical texts such as academic
texts in archaeology. Also attempts to contribute in improving the translation of technical
texts, in general, and the ones related to archaeology, in particular by making the translators familiar with
different problems which affect the translation and how it could be deal with. Technical translation includes, in addition to making technical texts available to a wider audience, linguistic features in translating technical texts from one language to another. Since the presence of specialized terminology is a feature of technical texts, specialized terminology alone is not sufficient to classify a text as "technical" because many non-technical disciplines and subjects possess what could be considered specialized terms.There are some things that may seem simple in technical translation, but they are of great importance to the person receiving the translation service, for example, punctuation marks, letters and dates, for example when translating a paper published in a scientific journal; The most accurate matters must be translated, especially if the translated technical text is used to implement a scientific thesis related to graduate studies, or to present it to one of the scientific authorities in general.July 18, 2019
Technical translations: challenges and possible solutions Posted on 13/07/2020 at 10:49 by Octopus
The Study of Technical and Scientific Translation An Examination of its Historical Development Franco Aixela, Javier )Department of English Studies, University of Alicante (Spain)
Challenges in Translating Technical Texts Esra'a M. Muhiesen, Mona S. Al-Ajrami and Accepted for Publication on 19/4/2017 7102/4/4The Study of Technical and Scientific Translation:
An Examination of its Historical Development
Franco Axilla, Javier
Department of English Studies, University of Alicante (Spain)
This article tries to show and explain in some detail the quantitative and qualitative evolution of the bibliography on technical and scientific translation throughout history as compared with other research fields.Conclusion
Here is the conclusion of this research, which dealt with the issue of problems faced by technical translators, Which contained many useful information and the most important findings of studies to reduce them.We hope to Allah that this research will be useful and beneficial.Conclusion
Due to the continuous development in technology and its uses at the global level, this translation has become an important factor in exchanging information and experiences and benefiting from multiple experiences.It is necessary to have specialized technical translation available in various fields, and here the importance of this translation and its benefits in keeping pace with the rapid technological developments of our time emerges.Technical translation experts agreed that the original text is the ruler in the translation process, and in the event that the text in the target language does not express it accurately; The translation will become passive, and will not serve its purpose.the classics and the Bible), leaving virtually no space for the analysis of instrumental texts, where language was ancillary and considered to be univocal and, hence, to pose no problems apart from the necessary technical knowledge the translator must have.Between the 1950s and the 1980s percentages show virtually no change at all (a difference between 6.3% and 7.7% is right now too small to be considered statistically significant), so that we can consider those 40 years of the second half of the 20th century as a second stage.A further finding is that consideration of this type of translation has been and remains mainly practical, with reflections on problems posed by terminological domains (mostly legal and, lagging far behind, medical, business and IT), teaching, documentation, the interpreting of technical discourse and professional issues as the favourite topics.Challenges in Translating
Technical Texts
Ezra's M. Mathieson, Mona S. Al-Aramid
4/4/2017 and Accepted for Publication on 19/4/2017
This study aims to show the challenges that translators face in translating technical texts such as academic texts in archaeology.Judy Byrne)(2006)?in his book Technical Translation argues that technical translation is closely related to technical communication and can benefit from research in this and other areas such as usability and cognitive psychology.there are three basic periods as regards research in this field: up to 1950 (with virtually no appearance of discussion of technical translation), 1951-1990 (an average of 7.3%) and 1991 to the present (more than 10%), although the latter period is too short and requires confirmation in the coming decades for us to be completely sure of its statistical significance.Conversely, the clear decline of discussions of Bible translation, which drops from a peak of 25% in the first half of the 20th century to 4% in the 1990s, shows that there has been a deep change in Translation Studies, which seems as a discipline to be on its way to leaving behind its traditional fixation on canonical works to devote much more attention to the questions actually facing translagtors.Resources and References
Challenges in Translating Technical Texts Esra'a M. Muhiesen, Mona S. Al-Ajrami
The Challenges of Technical Translation Written by Wendy Pease |The importance of consistent terminology in technical translation, for example in patents, as well as the highly phrasing and repetitive nature of technical writing make computer-assisted translation using translation memory and terminology databases particularly appropriate.When the technical translator finishes
the technical translation, he must review the translated text and make sure that it is free from problems and errors that may weaken it and reduce its quality and effectiveness.Technical translation covers the translation of many types of specialized texts and requires High level of subject knowledge and mastery of relevant terminology and writing conventions.The technical translation has a general picture that goes through a set of multiple stages, namely:
The first stage: Before starting the technical translation of the text, the translator must read the text carefully and calmly, through which the translator can get a complete and general idea of the text to be translated as a technical translation.


Original text

Introduction
Technical translation is a type of specialized translation that involves the translation of documents submitted by technical writers or specifically texts relating to areas of technical material or texts dealing with the scientific application of technical and scientific While the presence of specialized terms is one of the advantages of technical texts, specialized terms alone are not sufficient to classify a text as “technical” because many disciplines and topics that are not considered “technical” have what can be considered specialized terms. Technical translation covers many types of specialized texts and requires a high level of subject knowledge, mastery of relevant terminology, and writing of conventions.
Errors in technical and scientific translation can cause very costly, unnecessary, and avoidable wasted time. In the medical industry, inaccurate translations can put people's lives at risk.
Technical translation is necessary for multiple fields, from engineering to construction and healthcare. Any errors in the translated texts or missing information can easily lead to costly lawsuits or the need to retranslate your company document Through this research that we present in your hands, we will learn about the problems facing technical translators and possible solutions to reduce them, and educate the researcher about them.
Statement of the Problem
The difficulties facing translation and technical translation in particular, many translators face on the practical or academic Many studies have proven its prevalence. Despite this, it has not received much attention from scientific research.
The researcher conducted an exploratory study of the most important and serious of these problems based on previous studies and translators' experiences، to stand at these problems and try to find satisfactory solutions for what is required.
Significance of the study
The importance of this study stems from the fact that it is one of the studies to detail problems in technical translation . Besides, it makes an additive contribution to the research studies that have been conducted in the field of translation.The significance of the study is evident in its theoretical and applied aspects as follows:
A.Theoretical significance:
The importance of theoretical study is the following points:
●Enriching the library with a topic worthy of attention and study.
● This study targeted the most important problems through the fact experience.
B.Applied importance:
The applied importance of this study is:
●Provide content about the problems facing technical translators.
● Provide strategies for analyzing the problems facing technical translators.
Literature review
According Harsha(2020),Technical translation has become such a crucial part of translation as it has been recognized that nearly 90% of all translations are technical translation (Kingscott (2002). Having recognized the importance of this, it is observed that number of universities and colleges have given prominence to technical translation in their respective degree programmes or diplomas in relation to translation studies. However, one of the difficulties confronted by number of students and academics in this particular field is that there is no definite theory as to what technical translation exactly mean. There are two widely known major perspectives on technical translation; translation of documents related to technology, and the translation of documents of specialized areas (Newmark, 1988).
Liraz(2021), Literary translation is entirely different to technical translation, which deals with reports, instructions, manuals, and material which, in general, is directed at a specific audience who focuses on this type of text.
It’s extremely important that the use of just the right vocabulary is used in this case; however, the style of text and the aesthetic are not as important. In addition, a translator working with technical content will often be required to have specific knowledge in that particular field.
Mathieson, Al-Aramid (2017),This study aims to show the challenges that translators face in translating technical texts such as academic
texts in archaeology. Also attempts to contribute in improving the translation of technical
texts, in general, and the ones related to archaeology, in particular by making the translators familiar with
different problems which affect the translation and how it could be deal with.
Technical translation includes, in addition to making technical texts available to a wider audience, linguistic features in translating technical texts from one language to another.
Since the presence of specialized terminology is a feature of technical texts, specialized terminology alone is not sufficient to classify a text as “technical” because many non-technical disciplines and subjects possess what could be considered specialized terms. Technical translation covers the translation of many types of specialized texts and requires High level of subject knowledge and mastery of relevant terminology and writing conventions.
The importance of consistent terminology in technical translation, for example in patents, as well as the highly phrasing and repetitive nature of technical writing make computer-assisted translation using translation memory and terminology databases particularly appropriate. Judy Byrne)(2006)،in his book Technical Translation argues that technical translation is closely related to technical communication and can benefit from research in this and other areas such as usability and cognitive psychology.
The original text is the mainstay of the technical translation process. The technical translation must come to serve the original text and its terminology, and if it does not serve it, the technical translation is considered negative. The technical translation has a general picture that goes through a set of multiple stages, namely:
The first stage: Before starting the technical translation of the text, the translator must read the text carefully and calmly, through which the translator can get a complete and general idea of ​​the text to be translated as a technical translation. It varies depending on the translator and how well he has practiced technical translation.
The second stage: The focus should be on the form and form of the technical translation director as required by the customer, some of them request that the technical translation be produced in a report or in the form of an image or infographic.
The third stage: In this stage, attention is paid to very precise matters that are of great importance, in the types of translation that have texts published in magazines or periodicals in which numbers and dates occupy a great importance and an important space.
The Fourth stage: This stage is the revision and audit stage. When the technical translator finishes
the technical translation, he must review the translated text and make sure that it is free from problems and errors that may weaken it and reduce its quality and effectiveness.
Franco Aixelá, Javier,. This article tries to show and explain in some detail the quantitative and qualitative evolution of the bibliography on technical and scientific translation throughout history as compared with other research fields. The underlying corpus drawn on are the more than 20,000 entries collected in BITRA (Bibliography of Interpreting and Translation) up to September 2003. The paper concludes that concern for technical and scientific translation only appears in the 1950s, when obsession with canonicity seems to decline somewhat within Translation Studies. A further finding is that consideration of this type of translation has been and remains mainly practical, with reflections on problems posed by terminological domains (mostly legal and, lagging far behind, medical, business and IT), teaching, documentation, the interpreting of technical discourse and professional issues as the favourite topics. there are three basic periods as regards research in this field: up to 1950 (with virtually no appearance of discussion of technical translation), 1951-1990 (an average of 7.3%) and 1991 to the present (more than 10%), although the latter period is too short and requires confirmation in the coming decades for us to be completely sure of its statistical significance.
Up to 1950 we can say that this type of translation held no interest at all for scholars. Throughout those centuries, translation was considered a completely secondary activity, more a craft than a creative or influential task, and are hardly worth scholarly study. What little energy id did arouse was almost entirely devoted to the translation of canonical works (viz. the classics and the Bible), leaving virtually no space for the analysis of instrumental texts, where language was ancillary and considered to be univocal and, hence, to pose no problems apart from the necessary technical knowledge the translator must have.Between the 1950s and the 1980s percentages show virtually no change at all (a difference between 6.3% and 7.7% is right now too small to be considered statistically significant), so that we can consider those 40 years of the second half of the 20th century as a second stage. This period after the Second World War can be considered that of the birth of the scientific approach to the theory of translation. The main difference between it and all the previous centuries is that researchers, mainly linguists at first, now tried to gain systematic insights into the core problems of translation instead of simply defending particular ways of translating. In the case of technical and scientific translation, there is a dramatic growth of reflection on this field, with figures rising from virtually 0% before 1950 to an average 7.3% in 1951-1980. This is still a very low percentage if we compare it with the 15-20% represented by entries on literary translation and if we consider that technical translating represents up to 80-90% of the professional demand for translators. The high profile of publications on literature is probably a direct consequence of its high scholarly status, coupled with the philological and literary education of so many of the current authors who deal with translation. Conversely, the clear decline of discussions of Bible translation, which drops from a peak of 25% in the first half of the 20th century to 4% in the 1990s, shows that there has been a deep change in Translation Studies, which seems as a discipline to be on its way to leaving behind its traditional fixation on canonical works to devote much more attention to the questions actually facing translagtors. The academic status of technical texts, terminology and language for specific purposes is a very modern issue which is only now starting to be comparable to literature and "pure" linguistics.
Maeve Oloha, 2016,.Scientific and Technical Translation focuses on texts that are typically translated in scientific and technical domains, such as technical instructions, data sheets and brochures, patents, scientific research articles and abstracts, popular science press releases and news reports. In seven chapters, this practical textbook:
Objective of the Study
Explain how The current study will be useful for future researchers in the field of technical translation, and that the aim of this study is to identify technical translation in general, Knowing the problems and difficulties facing the technical translator and how to get rid of them and possible solutions to them.
Introduces readers to the typical contexts in which scientific and technical translators work.
Shows how corpus resources can be used for terminological and phraseological research.
Considers how translation technologies are employed in technical and scientific translation.
Explains a range of technical and scientific genres and their translation.
Including a wide range of relevant tasks and activities, examples from the most commonly taught language pairs and a glossary of key terms, this is the essential textbook for modules on scientific and technical translation and specialised translation.
What are the common errors in translation?
There are a number of common errors that the translator can make, and below we will get acquainted with the most important of these errors:
errors in verb conjugation, sentence order, double employment synonyms،not reviewing the text properly.
This study shows what the difficulties of technical translation?
Such as translating terms, abbreviations and units of measurement.., What are the solutions to these problems?
Methodology
In this study, the researcher relied on the analytical method in describing the problems facing technical translation through analyzing it according to a set of steps, This approach depends on analyzing this problem by presenting it to the technical translators and asking them about it if these problems are encountered, how they were faced, whether these problems really exist and easy to overcome and are there, in their opinion, tangible solutions to them.
Questions and Methods about the problem
What are the problems facing a technical translator ?Is technical translation different from the two languages and vice versa ?Do translation programs have a key role in these problems ?What are the possible solutions to reduce these problems.
Results
Through deep study and survey, it was found that most translators in all countries suffer and it was concluded that the lack of unions for translators is one of ،from these problems .the reasons and the most important solutions
And that translation became a hobby before it was a science that was taught just to own the language.
Technical or technological translation is among the types of translation specialized in software, technologies, algorithms, applications, and others.
This translation became famous especially after the spread of technology and the need for this type of translation began to be more necessary than before.
In order to complete the requirements and results of the research, a questionnaire was created and distributed to 15 males and 5 females.
This is some of what he found
Technical translation suffers from a number of problems in various technical fields. Perhaps the most prominent problems and challenges are summarized as follows:


١_Terms differ from country to country.
2_Many derivations in the technical field.
3_ The emergence of new technical terms and vocabulary.
4_ Lack of translators specialized in the technical field.
4_ Lots of technical terms and their difficulty.
5_Multiplicity of symbols and linguistic semantics in the field of technology.
Solutions and recommendations in the field of technical translation
The following recommendations help in obtaining technical translations of better quality and appropriate accuracy in understanding the meanings of technical texts, and they are as follows:
1_ Follow specialized courses in the field of technical terms.
2_ Training in translating technical texts online.
3_Volunteer part-time in a software and technology solutions company.
4_Study translated technical texts.
5_Classification of terms by field.
The following are the most important requirements and skills required in the fields of technical translation, which a technical translator must possess:
1_ Familiarity with technical terms in various fields.
2_Language drafting skills.
3_ Follow up on updates in technical areas.
4_Technical text analysis skills with high accuracy.
5_The ability to convey meanings smoothly.
The Challenges of Technical Translation :
Written by Wendy Pease
July 18, 2019
The article discusses the challenges facing technical translation like: Finding The Best Translator For The Job, New Technology = New Words, Adhering to Source Text.
Translation can’t be whittled down to a mathematical formula and How to Localize Technical Content?.
*A taxonomy of translation problems in translating from English to Arabic
 Zamia Ali Deep
Newcastle University, 2005


The article deals with the problems of translation from English to Arabic. Like  a case-study of the researcher translating a published corpus of short translation-class texts، and the sub-sub categories include forty seven categories such as problems of Word order, Fixed Expressions, Spelling Slips, Irony, Omission and Additions.
Technical translations: challenges and possible solutions:
Posted on 13/07/2020 at 10:49 by Octopus
The article deals with "what are some of the challenges to this type of translation?"
Well, a few of the most common issues are: technical knowledge, dialect usage and style, time limitations and legal considerations
Also, what can you do to eliminate some of these issues?


Challenges in Translating
Technical Texts
Ezra's M. Mathieson, Mona S. Al-Aramid
4/4/2017 and Accepted for Publication on 19/4/2017
This study aims to show the challenges that translators face in translating technical texts such as academic texts in archaeology. Also attempts to contribute in improving the translation of technical
texts, in general, and the ones related to archaeology, in particular by making the translators familiar with different problems which affect the translation and how it could be deal with.  


The Study of Technical and Scientific Translation:
An Examination of its Historical Development
Franco Axilla, Javier
Department of English Studies, University of Alicante (Spain)
This article tries to show and explain in some detail the quantitative and qualitative evolution of the bibliography on technical and scientific translation throughout history as compared with other research fields.


Discussion
Among the useful and beneficial solutions are: Limit your Expertise
Gain expertise only in a couple of languages that you are already well-versed with. Make use of grammar checkers, translation memory tools and other techniques to ensure that you have maintained the structure in the target language without changing the meaning or sense of the source document.
Conclusion
Here is the conclusion of this research, which dealt with the issue of problems faced by technical translators, Which contained many useful information and the most important findings of studies to reduce them.We hope to Allah that this research will be useful and beneficial.Conclusion
Due to the continuous development in technology and its uses at the global level, this translation has become an important factor in exchanging information and experiences and benefiting from multiple experiences. It is necessary to have specialized technical translation available in various fields, and here the importance of this translation and its benefits in keeping pace with the rapid technological developments of our time emerges.Technical translation experts agreed that the original text is the ruler in the translation process, and in the event that the text in the target language does not express it accurately; The translation will become passive, and will not serve its purpose. The technical translation steps are as follows:
The technical translator should read the first text carefully; In order to understand the basic idea around it, with the identification of words that are difficult to understand, and this varies from one translator to another according to the experiences that the technical translator has, and his practice in this field. The method of submitting the translated text according to what the applicant desires. This may be in the form of a technical report, or a scientific paper...etc.
There are some things that may seem simple in technical translation, but they are of great importance to the person receiving the translation service, for example, punctuation marks, letters and dates, for example when translating a paper published in a scientific journal; The most accurate matters must be translated, especially if the translated technical text is used to implement a scientific thesis related to graduate studies, or to present it to one of the scientific authorities in general.
After the technical translation is completed, the entire content must be reviewed; To ensure that it is free of any errors, whether linguistic or grammatical.
Resources and References
Challenges in Translating Technical Texts Esra’a M. Muhiesen, Mona S. Al-Ajrami
The Challenges of Technical Translation Written by Wendy Pease | July 18, 2019
Technical translations: challenges and possible solutions Posted on 13/07/2020 at 10:49 by Octopus
The Study of Technical and Scientific Translation An Examination of its Historical Development Franco Aixelá, Javier )Department of English Studies, University of Alicante (Spain)
Challenges in Translating Technical Texts Esra’a M. Muhiesen, Mona S. Al-Ajrami and Accepted for Publication on 19/4/2017 7102/4/4


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