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This text explores the crucial role of terminology, modeling, and measurement in medical physics. It begins by defining medical terminology, highlighting the importance of understanding its structure and components (prefixes, roots, suffixes, and combining vowels).
The text then delves into the diverse applications of medical physics, ranging from developing diagnostic equipment like X-ray machines and CT scanners to radiation safety management and the development of treatment modalities like radiotherapy. The use of physics principles in various fields, including physiology, biophysics, and biomedical engineering, is also emphasized.
Modeling is presented as a crucial tool for understanding complex biological phenomena. The text explains how different models (mechanical, electrical, and mathematical) are used to simplify and analyze various aspects of the body, such as the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and the eye.
Measurement, in its quantitative and qualitative forms, is presented as an essential aspect of medical practice. Different types of measurements, such as temperature, weight, blood pressure, and imaging techniques, are described. The text also discusses the importance of accuracy and precision in measurements, emphasizing sources of error and methods for reducing them.
Finally, the text highlights the physician's reliance on medical history, physical examination findings, and clinical laboratory measurements in making diagnoses and treatment decisions.
Terminology
L1 Terminology ,Modeling, Measurement
• Terminology is a general word for the group of specialized words or meanings relating to a particular field, and also the study of such terms and their use.
• Concepts of Medical Terminology
Medical terminology is language that is used to describe anatomical structures, processes, conditions, medical procedures, and treatments.
Acous/o- Hearing Acoustic impendence
Most medical terms adhere to a fixed structure of a prefix, a root, and a suffix. These word
components are assembled like building blocks to create a vast vocabulary.
Basic Term Structure
Medical terms are composed of these standard word parts:
▪ Prefix: When included, the prefix appears at the beginning of a medical term and usually indicates a location, direction, type, quality, or quantity.
▪ Root: The root gives a term its essential meaning. Nearly all medical terms contain at least one root. When a prefix is absent, the term begins with a root.
▪ Suffix: The suffix appears at the end of a term and may indicate a specialty, test, procedure, function, disorder, or status. Otherwise, it may simply define whether the word is a noun, verb, or adjective.
▪ Combining vowel: A combining vowel (usually the letter “o”) may be added between word parts to aid in pronunciation.
gastro -and enter and –itis
gastroenteritis
Breaking a word down into its component parts should help readers ascertain the meaning of an
unfamiliar term. For example, hypothermia has the prefix hypo- (meaning below normal), the
root therm (heat or warmth), and the suffix -ia (condition).
Medical physics
The term medical physics refers to: the application of physics principles such as flow ( flow of blood and other fluid in body)light and optics (vision, laser, fiber optic ) ,sound(hearing ), electricity( ECG, EMG) in medicine, by using our physics knowledge to develop tools and treatments that helps humans to be healthy .
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Medical physics may be classified into several sub-fields as follows
• Physics that conduces human health by developing medical devices, for example, X-ray imaging machine, CT, MRI, and ultrasonic diagnostic equipment, improving image quality, and managing exposure dose and image quality (Diagnostic physics).
• Physics that conduces to human health by getting involved in nuclear medicine which includes using radioisotope to diagnose and treat diseases, developing equipment, improving image quality, managing exposure dose and image quality (Nuclear medicine physics)
• Physics that conduces to human health by developing and quality assurance/ control of medical devices using in radiotherapy, hyperthermia and high-intensity focused ultrasound, optimizing physical dose distribution to curb side effects and control cancer. (Therapeutic physics).
• Physics that conduces to human health by minimizing the damage of radiation during medical use (Radiation protection/safety management).
• Physics that conduces to human health by developing radiation dosimetric methods, researching the physical and chemical initial processes of the biological effect, developing processing methods for the improvement of image quality and optimization of radiotherapy. (Basic medical physics).
In addition to the above, medical physics also conduces to human health proactively by applying physics methods to help the development of diagnosis and treatment.
Radiation has come to be used in medicine and played a major role. On this premise, medical physics has been established with the adoption of physical engineering.
From the discovery and the medical use of the X-rays, the development of CT machine, MRI machine, PET machine, accelerators for radiotherapy, and research and development in pursuit of higher precision are all based on medical physics.
Physics can be found in various area of medicine : Examples:
In Physiology: where law of physics can be applied to the function of the human body in health and disease .
In Practice of medicine: the application of the physics of stethoscope, percussion and the application of sphygmomanometer, pacemaker, defibrillators and so forth.
Biophysics: is the study of biological process using the theories and tools of physics. Biomedical engineering: they develop mechanical and electrical solutions to medical problems, such as develop diagnostic and imaging equipment and designing artificial organs.
Treatment equipment includes infusion pumps, medical lasers and laser vision correction.
Life support equipment is used to maintain a patient's bodily function. This includes medical ventilators, anesthetic machines, heart-lung machines, and dialysis machines.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation enhance
Modeling
In general, it is the process of representing phenomenon as set of mathematical equation, to study the effect of changes on it.
Modeling often resort to different ways to understand the phenomena, for example:
joints, ligaments, muscles, and tendons.
and restore functional ability and quality of life to
those with physical impairments or disabilities affecting the brain, spinal cord, nerves, bones,
Physical therapy is one of the Medical health professions that, by using evidence
based kinesiology, exercise prescription, health education, mobilization,
and electrical or physical agents, treats acute or chronic pain, movement and physical
impairments resulting from injury, trauma or illness typically
of musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological and endocrinological origins.
Physical therapy is used to improve a patient's physical functions through physical examination,
diagnosis, prognosis, patient education, physical intervention, rehabilitation, disease
prevention and health promotion.
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To understand physical phenomena, use;
o Simplification by selection of main features
o Analysis
o Qualitative or quantitative expression and verification
Analogies
An analogy is something that shows how two things are alike, but with the ultimate goal of making a point about this comparison.
The purpose of an analogy is not merely to show, but also to explain. For this reason, an analogy is more complex than a simile or a metaphor, which aim only to show without explaining.
Analogies is used to understand the physical aspects of the body.
To describe and explain phenomena that can't experience directly physicists employ models, using different types for different aims.
Example:
✓
Mechanical model of lung and chest wall
The respiratory system model and electrical analog of the model
A model in which the flow of blood is represented by the flow of electricity, is often used in the study of the body's circulatory system. This electrical model can simulate very well many phenomena of the cardiovascular system.
✓
✓
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✓ Mechanical model for the cardiovascular system
✓ The eye can be compared to a camera.
• The cornea is the transparent, curved front layer of the eye. The pupil, behind the cornea, is a
hole in the colored membrane called the iris.
• Tiny muscles in the iris change the size of the pupil – like the aperture of a camera – to control
the amount of light getting into the eye.
• There is a small, powerful lens behind the pupil which changes shape based on the pull of
muscles in the eye. Like a camera lens,
• The retina is a thin membrane which covers the inside back of the eye. Like film in a camera, the
retina
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Mathematical modeling:
consist of Equation and Function .
Equation such as QA (t) =QA1 (t) + QM (t)
Where QA(t) flow through aortic valve , QA1(t) initial flow through aortic valve QM(t) initial flow through pulmonary valve
Newton second law { F = ma } Where : F : is the force M : is the mass , a : is acceleration
➢ Function model such as { R =f ( p) } to indicate the heart rate R is the function of the power
produce by the body .
➢ Feedback control (homeostasis): The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal
environment is called homeostasis. it is a control mechanism that uses information from
measurement to manipulate a variable to achieve the desired result. There are two type of feedback control
❖ Thermoregulation (if body temperature changes, mechanisms are induced to restore normal levels)
Regulation of blood sugar level, by insulin secretion into the blood, when blood sugar levels reach homeostasis the pancreas stops releasing insulin.
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❖ Positive feedback is mechanisms enhance the original stimulus
Blood clotting: When tissue is torn or injured, a chemical is released. This chemical causes platelets in the blood to activate. Once these platelets have activated, they release a chemical that signals more platelets to activate, until the wound is clotted.
H.W : Give another example for Positive feedback and Negative feedback ? Measurements
• Measurements: is the numerical quantitation of the attributes of an object or event, which can be used to compare with other objects or events.
• Are values which made meaningful into specific units ,its act as labels which make those value more useful in term of details, for example instead of saying that someone tall , we can say that the individual length is (6 feet ) .
Practice medical measurements can be divided into: quantitative and qualitative measurements. Quantitative measurement includes:
Units
There are several system of units
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