Lakhasly

Lipopolysaccharide, polysaccharide and polysaccharide-conjugate vaccines LPS, the major component of the outer leaflet of Gram-negative bacteria [17], is generally pyrogenic and toxic when administered in a purified state and therefore pure LPS, or vaccines containing LPS, are generally considered too toxic to be used as vaccines in humans.A factor complicating vaccination with pili preparations is that different bacterial strains produce DNA and viral vector vaccines DNA vaccines have emerged as an attractive approach for antigen-specific immunotherapy.Mutations in the aroA gene have been utilized with several other pathogens, including Salmonella species [93] for the production of live, attenuated vaccine Pili and type III secretion system vaccines Type IV pili are long, flexible filaments that extend from the surface of Gram-negative bacteria and are formed by the polymerization of pilin monomers [98].Unfortunately, the Ansorg typing system can no longer be used, since type strains and Outer membrane protein vaccines Compared to the high heterogeneity of O-PS and moderate serologic variation among flagella molecules, the P. aeruginosa major outer membrane proteins F (OprF) and I (OprI) are highly conserved [68].Thus, it is unlikely that similar strategies will be Flagella vaccines The polar flagella of P. aeruginosa is a polymer of a protein filament which can be divided into one group that is a 53 kDa protein referred to as the b-type and a heterogeneous 45-52 kDa structure referred to as the a-type.

Lipopolysaccharide, polysaccharide and polysaccharide-conjugate vaccines
LPS, the major component of the outer leaflet of Gram-negative bacteria [17], is generally pyrogenic and toxic when administered in a purified state and therefore pure LPS, or vaccines containing LPS, are generally considered too toxic to be used as vaccines in humans. Indeed, when a P. aeruginosa LPS-based vaccine (Pseudogen®) [18] was tested in patients with leukemia and CF, febrile responses were observed in 20–40% of the patients [19]. Thus, it is unlikely that similar strategies will be
Flagella vaccines
The polar flagella of P. aeruginosa is a polymer of a protein filament which can be divided into one group that is a 53 kDa protein referred to as the b-type and a heterogeneous 45–52 kDa structure referred to as the a-type. The a-type flagellin protein contains a serologically conserved region referred to as a0 and serologically variable regions comprising subtypes a1, a2, a3 and a4 [43], [44], [45], [46]. Unfortunately, the Ansorg typing system can no longer be used, since type strains and
Outer membrane protein vaccines
Compared to the high heterogeneity of O-PS and moderate serologic variation among flagella molecules, the P. aeruginosa major outer membrane proteins F (OprF) and I (OprI) are highly conserved [68]. Therefore immunization may induce protective antibodies reactive to all of the known P. aeruginosa serotypes. Classical protein preparation and recombinant DNA technology has been used to construct Opr vaccines and test them to prevent P. aeruginosa infections [69]. A recombinant hybrid protein
Killed whole cell and live-attenuated vaccines
Besides a killed whole-cell P. aeruginosa vaccine [91], a live-attenuated P. aeruginosa vaccine was constructed in strain PAO1 carrying a deletion in the aroA gene (PAO1ΔaroA) [92]). The aroA gene encodes an enzyme essential for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids (5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase of the shikimate pathway). Mutations in the aroA gene have been utilized with several other pathogens, including Salmonella species [93] for the production of live, attenuated vaccine
Pili and type III secretion system vaccines
Type IV pili are long, flexible filaments that extend from the surface of Gram-negative bacteria and are formed by the polymerization of pilin monomers [98]. Type IV pili mediate bacterial adhesion to asialoGM1 on cultured cells, but whether this interaction actually happens in vivo is not established. Pili also cause twitching motility, and play a role in biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. A factor complicating vaccination with pili preparations is that different bacterial strains produce
DNA and viral vector vaccines
DNA vaccines have emerged as an attractive approach for antigen-specific immunotherapy. DNA vaccines offer many advantages over other conventional vaccines such as peptide or attenuated live pathogens. For example, DNA vaccines are relatively stable and can be easily prepared and harvested in large quantities. Additionally, naked plasmid DNA is relatively safe and can be repeatedly administered without adverse effects. Moreover, DNA is able to be maintained in cells for long-term expression of