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The most damaging action is produced.An indirect damage may be caused to people in the result of blows with the fragments of ruined buildings and constructions, fragments of glass, rocks, trees and other objects flying at a high speed.Depending on the excessive pressure in the shock wave front, there are distinguished traumas of various severity:

Mild damages, which occur at the excessive pressure of 0,2-0,4 kgf/cm2 and are characterized by quickly controlled impairments of the organism's functions (tolling in the ears, dizziness, headache); dislocations, slight injuries and contusions may also occur;

Damages of the average severity, which occur at the excessive pressure of 0,4-0,6 kgf/cm2 and are characterized by the loss of consciousness, contusions, lesions of the organs of hearing, hemorrhages from the ears and nose, fractures and dislocations;

Depending on the excessive pressure in the shock wave front, there are distinguished traumas of various severity:

Severe damages, which occur at the excessive pressure of 0,6-1,0 kgf/cm2 and are characterized by severe contusions of the entire organism, the loss of consciousness, multiple traumas, fractures, hemorrhages from the nose and ears; lesions of the inner organs and internal bleedings may also occur;

Critically severe damages, which occur at the excessive pressure of above 1,0 kgf/cm2 and are characterized by ruptures of the inner organs, fractures, internal bleedings, brain concussion, a prolonged loss of consciousness; ruptures are observed in the organs containing a large amount of blood (liver, spleen, kidneys) and filled with fluid (ventricles of the brain, cystic bladder and gallbladder).In case there are used slowly acting PSS, sanitary losses are formed within 1-6 hours.Bacteriological (biological) weapons

Biological weapons (BWs) are defined as various ammunitions and special devices with the means of delivery, which are equipped with pathogenic microorganisms and are meant for mass destruction of people, agricultural animals and plants.For mass destruction of people the following representatives of all classes of microorganisms may be used:

viruses causative agents of smallpox, yellow fever, encephalitis, hemorrhagic fevers, etc.;

bacteria causative agents of anthrax, tularemia, plague, brucellosis, glanders, etc.;

rickettsia-causative agents of Q-fever, European typhus,

Tsutsugamushi fever, dengue fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, etc.; fungicausative agents of coccidioidomycosis, hystoplasmosis, blastomycosis and other deep mycoses.phytotoxicants.Clinical (Toxicological) Classification

nerve agents (sarin (C4H1FO2P), soman (C,H, FO2P), VX (CH2NO PS));

blister agents (mustard agent (S(CH2CH2CI)2), lewisite (C2H2ASCI1));

asphyxiating agents (phosgene (COCI2), diphosgene (CCI,OCOCI));

blood and nerve agents (hydrocyanic acid (HCN), cyanogen chloride (CICN));

psychochemical agents (BZ (C2H2NO));

irritant agents (tear gas (C,H,OCI), adamsite (CH,ASCIN), CS (C10H3CIN2), CR (C13H,NO)).Highly toxic chemical substances include

poisonous substances (PSs) or chemical warfare agents,

toxins.????????

The most damaging action is produced. by infrared radiation. The basic parameter characterizing light radiation. is a light Impulse. The light impulse is measured in calories per 1 cm² (cal/cm²) or kilojoules per 1 m² (kJ/m²) of the surface.

At direct action light radiation of the nuclear explosion causes skin burns, impairment of the organs of vision and flaring up of inflammable materials and objects.

Depending on the magnitude of the light impulse there are distinguished four degrees of burns:

Burns of degree I are caused by the light impulse with the magnitude of 100-200 kJ/m² (2-6 cal/cm²);

Burns of degree II are caused by the light impulse with the magnitude of 200-400 kJ/m² (6-12 cal/cm²);

Burns of degree III are caused by the light impulse with the magnitude of 400-600 kJ/m² (12-18 cal/cm²);

Burns of degree IV are caused by the light impulse with the magnitude of above 600 kJ/m² (above 18 cal/cm²).

SHOCK WAVE

A shock wave is an area of sharply compressed air which spreads to all sides from the center of the explosion with a supersonic speed.

A shock wave is a powerful damaging factor of a nuclear explosion. 50% of all explosive energy is spent to form a shock wave about.

The shock wave induced by the explosion. of 20 kt covers 1 km in 2 seconds, 2 km-in 5 seconds, 3 kmin 8 seconds. During this time, after the outbreak a man can shelter and avoid the damage.

DOM RATING

SHOCK WAVE

The source of a shock wave occurrence is a high pressure in the explosion center reaching. billions of atmospheres. The highest pressure occurs at the frontal border of the compression zone, which is called the shock wave front. The duration of its action is 0,3-0,6 seconds.

The damaging action of a shock wave is determined by an excessive pressure which is measured in kilopascals or in kilogram-force (kgf) per 1 cm².

A shock wave may cause traumatic impairments, contusions or death to non-protected people. Damages may be caused directly or indirectly.

A direct damage caused by a shock wave occurs in the result of the effect of an excessive pressure and a high-speed air pressure.

An indirect damage may be caused to people in the result of blows with the fragments of ruined buildings and constructions, fragments of glass, rocks, trees and other objects flying at a high speed.Depending on the excessive pressure in the shock wave front, there are distinguished traumas of various severity:

Mild damages, which occur at the excessive pressure of 0,2-0,4 kgf/cm² and are characterized by quickly controlled impairments of the organism's functions (tolling in the ears, dizziness, headache); dislocations, slight injuries and contusions may also occur;

Damages of the average severity, which occur at the excessive pressure of 0,4-0,6 kgf/cm² and are characterized by the loss of consciousness, contusions, lesions of the organs of hearing, hemorrhages from the ears and nose, fractures and dislocations;

Depending on the excessive pressure in the shock wave front, there are distinguished traumas of various severity:

Severe damages, which occur at the excessive pressure of 0,6-1,0 kgf/cm² and are characterized by severe contusions of the entire organism, the loss of consciousness, multiple traumas, fractures, hemorrhages from the nose and ears; lesions of the inner organs and internal bleedings may also occur;

Critically severe damages, which occur at the excessive pressure of above 1,0 kgf/cm² and are characterized by ruptures of the inner organs, fractures, internal bleedings, brain concussion, a prolonged loss of consciousness; ruptures are observed in the organs containing a large amount of blood (liver, spleen, kidneys) and filled with fluid (ventricles of the brain, cystic bladder and gallbladder).

PENETRATING (IONIZING) RADIATION

Penetrating (ionizing) radiation is a powerful stream of gamma-rays and neutrons released at the moment of a nuclear explosion. About 5% of the entire energy of the nuclear explosion. is spent at this type of radiation. The damaging effect of gamma-rays lasts for about 10-15

seconds, and that of neutrons for portions of seconds.

Under the influence of ionization there occur biological processes in the organism which cause the disturbance of functions of certain organs.

Neutrons and gamma-rays possess a property of quick and deep penetration. The effect of penetrating radiation of a nuclear explosion may cause the development of radiation sicknessRADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION

Radioactive contamination of the local area, water and air occurs in the result of falling of radioactive substances (RSS) out of the nuclear explosion cloud; up to 10-15% of the entire energy of the ground-surface nuclear explosion is spent in this case.

Radioactive contamination of the local area has a number of peculiarities distinguishing it from other damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

These include:

a large area of damage thousands of square kilometers; duration of the damaging effect preservation;

impossibility to reveal radioactive substances without application of special devices.

AN ELECTRO-MAGNETIC IMPULSE

The effect of an electro-magnetic impulse may lead to the disfunction of sensitive electronic and electrical elements, i.e. communication apparatuses, electronic calculation equipment, etc. may be put out of operation, and this will produce a negative effect on the work of headquarters and other organs of supervision.

высотный

An electro-magnetic impulse does not produce a marked damaging effect on people. Damage may occur only in those cases when people come in contact with lengthy wired lines at the moment of the explosion.

CHEMICAL WEAPONS

Chemical weapons are one of the types of weapons of mass destruction, the damaging effect of which is based on the use of highly toxic chemical substances. They are defined as various ammunitions and special devices with the means of delivery, which are equipped with toxic chemical substances.

Highly toxic chemical substances include

poisonous substances (PSs) or chemical warfare agents,

toxins. phytotoxicants.Clinical (Toxicological) Classification

nerve agents (sarin (C₄H₁FO₂P), soman (C,H, FO₂P), VX (CH2NO PS));

blister agents (mustard agent (S(CH₂CH₂CI)₂), lewisite (C₂H₂ASCI₁));

asphyxiating agents (phosgene (COCI₂), diphosgene (CCI,OCOCI));

blood and nerve agents (hydrocyanic acid (HCN), cyanogen chloride (CICN));

psychochemical agents (BZ (C₂H₂NO));

irritant agents (tear gas (C,H,OCI), adamsite (CH,ASCIN), CS (C10H3CIN2), CR (C13H,NO)).

The focus of chemical damage (CDF)

The focus of chemical damage (CDF) is defined as an area within which the effects of chemical weapons have caused mass damage to people, agricultural animals and plants.

Zone of the chemical spill

Size of area is small

-Almost all of unprotected population is affected

-Majority of casualties are inetrievable (deadweight) losses

Zone of lethal concentration.

Concentration of chemical is lower than previous zone

-Size of area is bigger.

-Majority of unprotected population is affected Medical losses exceed deadweight losses.

Zone of damaging concentration

Dose is lower than in the zone of lethal concentration

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Does not cause irretrievable losses

-Only small proportion of population sustains damage to health

Threshold zone is a zone on the outer border of which people experience discomfort, an exacerbation of chronic diseases begins, or the first signs of intoxication appear.

The focus of chemical damage (CDF)

The amount of losses depends on the degree of suddenness, scale of the local area, means of application of PSs and their properties, population density, degree of its defense, provision with means of individual defense (MID) and the skills to use them.

For operational calculations the following structure of losses in the focus of chemical damage (CDF) is used:

irretrievable losses - 35%;

moderately and seriously wounded (put out of action for 2-3 weeks)- 40%;

lightly wounded 25%.

Sanitary losses in case of application of PSs are formed within the period of 5-40 minutes; if the first medical aid is not timely rendered mortality incidence is high. In case there are used slowly acting PSS, sanitary losses are formed within 1-6 hours.Bacteriological (biological) weapons

Biological weapons (BWs) are defined as various ammunitions and special devices with the means of delivery, which are equipped with pathogenic microorganisms and are meant for mass destruction of people, agricultural animals and plants.For mass destruction of people the following representatives of all classes of microorganisms may be used:

viruses causative agents of smallpox, yellow fever, encephalitis, hemorrhagic fevers, etc.;

bacteria causative agents of anthrax, tularemia, plague, brucellosis, glanders, etc.;

rickettsia-causative agents of Q-fever, European typhus,

Tsutsugamushi fever, dengue fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, etc.; fungicausative agents of coccidioidomycosis, hystoplasmosis, blastomycosis and other deep mycoses.

The ways to apply biological agents are as follows:

in aerosols - spraying of biological agents in order to poison the surface- ground air with aerosol particles;

transmissive dispersion of blood-sucking damage-carriers artificially poisoned with biological agents in the targeted area;

diversionary-poisoning of water and air in withdrawn areas with biological agents.

In some cases it is possible that poisoned household items, food products, cigarettes, patients with infectious diseases may be left by the enemy.

According to the epidemic danger infectious agents are divided into:

highly contagious: causative agents of plague, cholera, smallpox, anthrax,

Rocky Mountain spotted fever;

slightly contagious

Agious (toxins).Conventional weapons

Conventional weapons include all gun-firing and striking means which use artillery, anti-aircraft, aviation, rifle, engineer ammunitions and missiles of standard equipment, inflammatory ammunitions and fiery mixtures.

Rifle firearms

Shrapnel ammunitions

Ball-bearing bombs

Demolition (land-mine) ammunitions

Cumulative ammunitions

Concrete-breaking ammunitions

Fiery (inflammabley) means

Fiery agents are subdivided into the following basic groups:

napalms (compositions based on the products of petroleum);

metalized fiery agents,

termites and termite compositions

simple phosphorus and plastified phosphorus, alkaline metals.

Forbidden by the International humanitarian law

New types of weapons

Among all possibly designed in future new types of weapons, the most dangerous weapons are considered as follows:

Radiating weapons.

These include lasers.

powerful radiators of electro-magnetic energy e. The damaging effect of a laser beam is ith high-temperature heating of the object's hich leads to their melting down and even to tion. A laser beam damages the human Lion and causes thermal burns. of a laser beam is characterized by latency (lack of manifesting signs such as fire, smoke, sound), high accuracy straight-lined spreading practically immediateNew types of weapons

Among all possibly designed in future new types of weapons, the most dangerous weapons are considered as follows:

Radiating weapons.

These include lasers.

Lasers are powerful radiators of electro-magnetic energy of optic range. The damaging effect of a laser beam is associated with high-temperature heating of the object's materials, which leads to their melting down and even to their evaporation. A laser beam damages the human organs of vision and causes thermal burns. The effect of a laser beam is characterized by latency (lack of manifesting signs such as fire, smoke, sound), high accuracy, straight-lined spreading, practically immediate action.

New types of weapons

Accelerating weapons (beam weapons). These are high-frequency sharply- pointed beams of charged or neutral particles (electrons, protons, neutral atoms of hydrogen) full of energy, which move at high speeds. The objects of destruction may be artificial satellites of the Earth, intercontinental, cruise missiles, as well as various types of

surface-ground armaments and military technical equipment. Radiological weapons. Their action is based on the use of radioactive

substances, which are specially produced and prepared substances in the form of powders or solutions, containing radioactive isotopes with ionizing radiation. The basic source of radioactive substances' production is the wastes which form during the operation of nuclear reactors. These substances may also be obtained by

radiating earlier prepared substances in nuclear reactors. Radioactive substances may be applied with the help of aviation spraying devices. pilot-free airplanes, cruise missiles.

New types of weapons

Geophysical weapons (a symbolic term). These weapons include the means which artificially change physical processes taking place in the Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.

The term "geophysical weapons may also be applied to nuclear weapons which can initiate earthquakes, tsunami and other dangerous natural phenomena.

All the above mentioned means of armed struggle have been designed for large-scale military operations, and they have colossal destructive force.