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Introduction , Water consist 60% of the body Wt ; 2/3 is Intra-Cellular Fluid ( ICF ) * .weakness , confusion , and ocular palsy in severe cases Types & Causes : A) Hypo-osmotic Hypo-natremia ( most common type ) & Hypo-volemic ( due to Extra-renal loss like Vomiting & Diarrhea - Burns , when Urine Na < 10 mmol/L ) or ( due to Renal loss like in & Interstitial Nephritis & Obstructive Nephropathy & Proximal RTA PCKD & Diuretics & Aldosterone Def.while 1/3 is Extra-Cellular Fluid ( ECF ) Extra-Cellular Fluid ( ECF ) subdivided into Interstitial Fluid ( 75% ) * .and Intra-Vascular Fluid ( 25% , 5L Blood ) , The primary Cations ( Positively charged ) include Sodium ( Na+ ) * Potassium ( K+ ) , Calcium ( Ca2+ ) , Magnesium ( Mg2+ ) ; whereas , the Anions ( Negatively charged ) are include Chloride ( Cl- ) .collecting ducts under control of aldosterone hormone +For Sodium ( Na+ ) assessment in suspected cases of low or high Na * we need to check Serum Na+ & Plasma Osmolality & Urine Na+ to .Lungs & kidneys are regulators of water & electrolytes & pH * Sodium ( Na+ ) .ICF are ( K+ , Mg2+ , phosphates , protein ) .

Introduction
, Water consist 60% of the body Wt ; 2/3 is Intra-Cellular Fluid ( ICF ) * . while 1/3 is Extra-Cellular Fluid ( ECF ) Extra-Cellular Fluid ( ECF ) subdivided into Interstitial Fluid ( 75% ) * .and Intra-Vascular Fluid ( 25% , 5L Blood )
, The primary Cations ( Positively charged ) include Sodium ( Na+ ) * Potassium ( K+ ) , Calcium ( Ca2+ ) , Magnesium ( Mg2+ ) ; whereas , the Anions ( Negatively charged ) are include Chloride ( Cl− ) . Bicarbonate ( HCO3− ) , Phosphate , organic ions like Lactate The major ECF ions are ( Na+ , Cl− , HCO3− ) ; while the main ions of * . ICF are ( K+ , Mg2+ , phosphates , protein ) . Lungs & kidneys are regulators of water & electrolytes & pH *
Sodium ( Na+ )
. Normal Serum Sodium ( Na+ ) level is 135-145 mmol/L * The Sodium ( Na+ ) has a close relationship with water , and it`s * . mainly regulated by kidneys In the (kidney) proximal tubules , 70-80% of Na+ is actively reabsorbed * with H2O and Chloride ; in addition to Na+ reabsorption ( with water ) in . collecting ducts under control of aldosterone hormone +For Sodium ( Na+ ) assessment in suspected cases of low or high Na * we need to check Serum Na+ & Plasma Osmolality & Urine Na+ to . know the type or the cause of Hypo-natremia or Hyper-natremia
Hypo-natremia ( Low Na+ )
, Hypo-natremia is decreased Na+ < 135 mmol/L , leading to nausea *
. weakness , confusion , and ocular palsy in severe cases Types & Causes : A) Hypo-osmotic Hypo-natremia ( most common type ) & Hypo-volemic ( due to Extra-renal loss like Vomiting & Diarrhea -
Burns , when Urine Na < 10 mmol/L ) or ( due to Renal loss like in & Interstitial Nephritis & Obstructive Nephropathy & Proximal RTA PCKD & Diuretics & Aldosterone Def. & Metabolic Alkalosis , when . ( Urine Na > 20 mmol/L & Hyper-volemic ( due to Congestive Heart Failure & Liver Cirrhosis - Nephrotic Syndrome , when Urine Na < 10 mmol/L ) or ( due to . ( Renal Failure , when Urine Na > 20 mmol/L & “ Normo-volemic ( due to syndrome of inappropriate ADH “ SIADH - . ( Hypo-thyroidism & Hypo-adrenalism & Primary Polydipsia : B) Hyper-osmotic Hypo-natremia Characterized by low Na+ with high plasma osmolality , the -