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Lecture (5) safety measuring and industrial hazards in pharmaceutical factories

1. Introduction Definitions INDUSTRIAL SAFETY : refers to actions that aimed to reduce the risk of injury or loss, and danger to persons, property from the industrial hazards.

INDUSTRIAL HAZARD : is a term associated with a substance, that is likely to cause injury to a personnel, (or) One which may lead to loss of property, products etc; (or) A substance that might prove fatal to the personnel.

ïƒک Major health and safety hazards encountered in the operations of chemical and pharmaceutical industries are : 1. Toxic corrosive chemicals 2. Fire explosions 3. Personnel falling into accident ïƒک Therefore the identification of hazards and employing protective measures to control the hazards are important to protect the people from their consequences.

OBJECTIVES OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ïپ¬ Understand the harmful effects of industrial hazards ïپ¬ Define the relationship between hazard and risk ïپ¬ Explore the routes of exposure to industrial hazards ïپ¬ Shed lights on type of toxicity by industrial hazards ïپ¬ Know the most toxic environmental hazardous substances.

INDUSTRIAL HAZARD vs Risk ïپ¬ Hazard : is the potential of a substance to cause damage.

ïپ¬ Risk : is a measure of the probability that harm will occur under defined conditions of exposure to a chemical. (Patrick et al., 1986).

ïپ¬ Toxicity : is the hazard of a substance which can cause poisoning.

Risk (R) = f (H x E) = f (H x D x t) Where R = Risk F = function H = Hazard E = Exposure D = Dose T= Time ïپ¬ Thus, chemicals which pose only a small hazard but to which there is frequent or excessive exposure may pose as much risk as chemicals which have a high degree of hazard but to which only limited exposure occurs.

ïپ¬ Reducing risk is based on reducing exposure

Types of hazards 4. Fire hazards 2.Chemical hazards 3. Electrical hazards 4. Mechanical hazards and 5. pharmaceutical hazards.

1. Fire hazards Fire: The self-sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a fuel which produces heat and light.

Fire is an exothermic chemical reaction between oxygen and fuel at certain temperature.

Three things essential for the combustion of fire are : ïƒک Fuel (any combustible material) ïƒک Oxygen (At concentrations above 23 in air, the situation becomes dangerous due to the increased fire hazard) ïƒک Temperature.

Sources of fire hazards Fuels include solids, liquids, vapours and gases.

solid fuels wood, fabrics, synthetic materials, packing materials, papers etc.,.

Liquid fuels ïپ± flammable liquids (e.g., nitrophenol, ammonium nitrate and potassium chlorate, paint and oil soaked rags, cotton or cellulose soaked with sulphuric acid etc.,.).

ïپ± Other sources include flame, sparks, spontaneous ignition and self combustible chemicals. (Khanna,1992).

CLASSIFCATION OF FIRES Most fires that occur will fall into one or more of the following categories Class A Fires involving ordinary combustible materials, such as Paper, wood, and textile fibers, where a cooling, blanketing, or wetting extinguishing agent is needed.

Class B: Fires involving flammable liquids such as gasoline, thinners, oil-based paints and greases.

Extinguishers for this type of fire include carbon dioxide, dry chemical, and halogenated agent types.

Class C Fires involving energized electrical equipment, where a non conducting gaseous clean agent or smothering agent is needed.

The most common type of extinguisher for this class is a carbon dioxide exinguisher.

Class D Fires involving combustible metals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium, titanium, and aluminum.

Special dry powder extinguishing agents are required for this class of fire, and must be tailored to the specific hazardous metal.

Class K Fires involving commercial cooking appliances with vegetable oils, animal oils or fats at high temperatures.

A wet potassium acetate, low pH-based agent is used for this class of fire.

DETECTION OF FIRE HAZARDS Many automatic fire detection systems are used today in industry.

Some include : • Thermal expansion detectors, • Heat sensitive insulation, • Photoelectric fires, • Ionization or radiation sensors and • Ultraviolet or I .R detectors.

These sound an alarm through which fire flames are detected.

FIRE ALARMS FIRE SENSORS

Prevention of fire hazards ïپ¬ Well planned design and layout ïپ¬ Proper ventilated systems ïپ¬ Chemical data sheets ïپ¬ Proper training of personnel ïپ¬ Proper maintenance of surroundings ïپ¬ use of fire extinguishers, alarms ,sensors, detectors ïپ¬ Fire fighting equipment ïپ¬ Sprinkler systems

Fire suppression It is done by using hydrant systems/water sprinkler systems and fire extinguishers.

ïپ¬ Hydrant systems include ïƒک Water sprinklers ïƒک Semi automatic hydrant system ïƒک Automatic sprinkler and ïƒک Manually hydrant system.

Fire extinguishers include ïƒک Water and water based extinguishers • portable extinguishers • soda acid extinguishers • antifreeze extinguishers.

ïƒک Foam extinguishers.

ïƒک Dry chemical extinguishers.

ïƒک Carbon dioxide extinguishers.

ïƒک Halon extinguishers Halon 1301 ( bromo tri fluoro methane) Vaporizing liquid.

Non-Magnetic stored pressure Spinkler systems Halotron 1 Fire extiguisher deionized water mist fire extinguisher K Class Wet chemical ABC Dry chemical fire extinguisher.

extinguisher Carbon dioxide (CO2) Portable fire extinguisher

2. Chemical hazards ïƒک Many chemicals can cause severe burns, if these coming to contact with living tissue or other routes like inhalation.

ïƒک Living tissue may be destroyed by chemical reactions such as dehydration, digestion, oxidation etc.

ïƒک Eye and mucus membrane of the throat are particularly susceptible to the effect of corrosive dust, mist and gases.

ïƒک Chloroform, benzene, chlorinated hydro carbons, low boiling fractions of petroleum are some of the common organic solvents used in pharmaceutical industry.

SOURCES OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS ïپ¬ AIR BORN TOXICS Irritants Ipecac,podophyllumetc .,.

Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide, monoxide, methane, ethane, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulphide, helium,nitrogen etc.,.

Narcotics/anaesthetics Acetone, ether, chloroform, methyl-ethyl ketone etc.,.

ïپ¬ Carcinogens Coaltar, cresote oil, anthracene oil, parafin oils, chromium, nickel, cobalt etc.,.

ïƒک Hazards may arise when impure or contaminated chemicals are used.

ïƒک By products may accumulate relatively high concentrations in parts of the plant and cause un expected effects.

ïƒک In pharmaceutical industry most of the dermatitis can be attributed to synthetic drugs, especially acridines and phenothiazines.

SAFETY ASPECTS IN CHEMICAL HAZARDS ïپ¬ Application of barrier creams before commencing the work has been found useful in protecting individuals from hazardous chemicals.

ïپ¬ While using the high vapor pressure solvents and grinding of vegetable drugs (e.g., capsicum and podophyllum) safety goggles are to be worn. Because these will effects the eyes.

ïپ¬ We must know the exposure limits and toxicity of different chemicals.

chemicals Exposure limit (ppm) Ethyl alcohol 1000ppm acetone 1000ppm Methyline 125ppm chloride Isopropyl alcohol 400ppm

ïپ¬ Tolerance levels for toxic chemicals should be followed as set by international regulations.

ïپ¬ Occupational safety and health administration also include to Check.

• Compiling of process safety information • Maintaining safe operating procedures • Training and educating employees • Conducting incident investigations • Developing safety compliance audits • Conducting emergency response plans. (Niosh,2005).

3. Mechancal hazards • These are associated with powers-driven machine, whether automated or manually operated by steam, hydraulic and/or electric power introduced new hazards into work place.

• Mechanical hazards are exacerbated by the large number and different designs of equipment, crowded work place conditions and different interaction between workers and equipment.

• Hazardous electrical and pneumatic thermal energy must be released or controlled before working on active equipment.

• High sound levels may be generated by manufacturing equipment (e.g., ball mill) there by increasing their exposure to noise.

• Injuries like cutting, tearing, shearing, puncturing and crushing may occur with moving machinery.

Preventon of mechanical hazards Mechanical hazards can be reduced by the application appropriate safeguards.

REQUIREMENTS OF SAFEGUARDS • Prevent contact • Securable and durable • Protect against falling objects • Do not create new hazard • Do not create interference • Allow safe mantainance.

TYPES OF SAFEGUARDS Point of operation guards-Fixed guards, interlocked guards and adjustable guards.

Point of operation devices-photoelectric devices, radiofrequency devices, pull back devices, restraint devices and safety trip devices.

Feeding and ejection systems-automatic feed system, semi automatic, automatic and semiautomatic ejection systems.

Robot safeguards.

LOCKOUT/TAGOUT SYSTEMS Padlock systems Tagout systems.

(Shah Prakashan,2007).

Safety aspects in mechanical hazards ïƒک All the operators should be trained in safe operation, maintainance and emergency procedures to take care when accidents occur.

ïƒک Inspection ,adjustment repair and calibration of safe guards should be carried out regularly.

ïƒک Ear protection devices must be used to prevent the excessive noise.

ïƒک Effort should be made to reduce the noise to a safe level

4. Electrical hazards Electrical hazards occurs when a person come in contact with the conductor carrying current and simultaneously contacts with the ground, usually known to be work place hazard.

SOURCES OF ELECTRCAL HAZARDS ïپ¬ Short circuts ïپ¬ Electrostatic hazards ïپ¬ Arcs and spark hazards ïپ¬ Combustible and explosive materials ïپ¬ Improper wiring ïپ¬ Insulation failure

DETECTION OF ELECTRICAL HAZARDS ïƒک Circuit tester ïƒک Receptance wiring tester.

PREVENTION OF ELECTRCAL HAZARDS ïƒک Grounding of electrical equipments ïƒک Prevention of static electricity ïƒک Bending and grounding ïƒک Humidification ïƒک Antistatic materials ïƒک Ionizers and electrostatic neutralizers ïƒک Radioactive neutralizers and ïƒک Magnetic circuit breaker.

SAFETY ASPECTS IN ELECTRICAL HAZARDS ïƒک Ensure that power has been disconnected from the system working with it.

ïƒک Do not wear conductive material like such as metal jewellary.

ïƒک Perodically inspect insullation.

ïƒک Verify circuit voltages.

ïƒک Use only explosion proof devices and non sparkling switches in flammable liquid storage areas.

ïƒک All electrical parts should confirm ISI specifications.

ïƒک Ensure all flexible wires and power cables are properly insulated.

ïƒک Installation of earth trip devices for all electrical equipments.

ïƒک Safe guarding is essential for all electrical equipments.

(Niosh,1986).

5. PHARMACEUTICAL HAZARDS ïƒک Hazardous drugs that pose a potential health risk to health care workers who may be exposed during drug manufacturing, packing and storage.

CRITERIA FOR DEFINING HAZARDOUS DRUGS Drugs that meet one or more of the following criteria should be hazardous.

 Carcinogenicity.

 Teratogenicity.

 Reproductive toxicity.

 Organ toxicity at lower doses.

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE TO HAZARDOUS DRUGS ïƒک Inhalation of an aerosolized drug.

ïƒک Dermal absorption.

ïƒک Ingestion.

ïƒک Injection.

TYPES OF HAZARDS TOXICITY ïƒک Acute poisoning.

ïƒک Chronic poisoning.(Akunuru,1997).

SAFETY ASPECTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL HAZARDS Personal protective equipment for hazardous drug handling  Disposable gowns made of fabric that has low permeability to the agents in use, with closed fonts and cuffs,intended for single use.

 Powder free gloves, labeled and tested for drugs used with chemotherapy , made of latex, nitrile or neoprene.

 Face and eye protection when splashing is possible.

 Approved respirator when there is a risk of inhaling drug aerosols. The labelling of solvents to indicate their properties and health and fire hazards, is an extremely important method for controlling the hazards.

 Substitution of more harmful material by one which is less danger to health.

 To prevent or reduce dangerous expose to toxic materials.

i.

Gas releases should be vented outside buildings and away work areas and other populated areas.

ii.

Exhausts and ventilations should be provided to remove emissions.

 Every bulk drug and pharmaceutical unit must prepare its disaster management plan.

3.SAFETY ASPECTS IN PHARMA INDUSTRY ïپ¬ Standard operating procedures ïپ¬ Handling of hazardous materials ïپ¬ Water supply and drainage ïپ¬ Floors and floor coverings ïپ¬ Emergency exits ïپ¬ Back up plan if anything goes wrong ïپ¬ Specially trained personnel ïپ¬ Health polices and insurance ïپ¬ Written procedures ïپ¬ Safety audits ïپ¬ Risk analysis ïپ¬ Appropriate training and education to employee ïپ¬ Regular monitoring of workplace ïپ¬ Written documentation of policies ïپ¬ Create awareness of the environment.

4.CONCLUSION ïپ¬ From the previous discussion it is clear that the safety aspects must be considered by the pharmaceutical industry not only in the interest of the employees or property but also in terms of the neighboring environment as well.

ïپ¬ The source of possible hazards , risk analysis, control procedures ,preventive measures &contingency plan are the main five essentials for ensuring a complete work atmosphere in the industry

Lecture (5)
safety measuring and industrial hazards
in pharmaceutical factories

1. Introduction
   Definitions
   INDUSTRIAL SAFETY : refers to actions that aimed to reduce the risk of injury or loss, and danger to persons, property from the industrial hazards.

INDUSTRIAL HAZARD : is a term associated with a substance, that is likely to cause injury to a personnel, (or) One which may lead to loss of property, products etc; (or) A substance that might prove fatal to the personnel.

ïƒک Major health and safety hazards encountered in the operations of chemical and pharmaceutical industries are :

1. Toxic corrosive chemicals


2. Fire explosions


3. Personnel falling into accident
   ïƒک Therefore the identification of hazards and employing protective measures to control the hazards are
   important to protect the people from their
   consequences.

OBJECTIVES OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
ïپ¬ Understand the harmful effects of industrial hazards
ïپ¬ Define the relationship between hazard and risk
ïپ¬ Explore the routes of exposure to industrial hazards
ïپ¬ Shed lights on type of toxicity by industrial hazards
ïپ¬ Know the most toxic environmental hazardous substances.

INDUSTRIAL HAZARD vs Risk
ïپ¬ Hazard : is the potential of a substance to cause damage.

ïپ¬ Risk : is a measure of the probability that harm will occur under defined conditions of exposure to a chemical. (Patrick et al., 1986).

ïپ¬ Toxicity : is the hazard of a substance which can cause poisoning.

Risk (R) = f (H x E) = f (H x D x t)
Where
R = Risk
F = function
H = Hazard
E = Exposure
D = Dose
T= Time
ïپ¬ Thus, chemicals which pose only a small hazard but to which there is frequent or excessive exposure may pose as much risk as chemicals which have a high degree of hazard but to which only limited exposure occurs.

ïپ¬ Reducing risk is based on reducing exposure

Types of hazards
4. Fire hazards
2.Chemical hazards
3. Electrical hazards
4. Mechanical hazards and
5. pharmaceutical hazards.

1. Fire hazards
   Fire: The self-sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a fuel which produces heat and light.

Fire is an exothermic chemical reaction between oxygen and fuel at certain temperature.

Three things essential for the combustion of fire are :
ïƒک Fuel (any combustible material)
ïƒک Oxygen (At concentrations above 23 in air, the situation becomes dangerous due to the increased fire hazard)
ïƒک Temperature.

Sources of fire hazards
Fuels include solids, liquids, vapours and gases.

solid fuels
wood, fabrics, synthetic materials, packing materials, papers etc.,.

Liquid fuels
ïپ± flammable liquids (e.g., nitrophenol, ammonium nitrate and potassium chlorate, paint and oil soaked rags, cotton or cellulose soaked with sulphuric acid etc.,.).

ïپ± Other sources include flame, sparks, spontaneous ignition and self combustible chemicals. (Khanna,1992).

CLASSIFCATION OF FIRES
Most fires that occur will fall into one or more of the following categories
Class A
Fires involving ordinary combustible materials, such as Paper, wood, and textile fibers, where a cooling, blanketing, or wetting extinguishing agent is needed.

Class B:
Fires involving flammable liquids such as gasoline, thinners, oil-based paints and greases.

Extinguishers for this type of fire include carbon dioxide, dry chemical, and halogenated agent types.

Class C
Fires involving energized electrical equipment, where a non conducting gaseous clean agent or smothering agent is needed.

The most common type of extinguisher for this class is a carbon dioxide exinguisher.

Class D
Fires involving combustible metals such as magnesium, sodium, potassium, titanium, and aluminum.

Special dry powder extinguishing agents are required for this class of fire, and must be tailored to the specific hazardous metal.

Class K
Fires involving commercial cooking appliances with vegetable oils, animal oils or fats at high temperatures.

A wet potassium acetate, low pH-based agent is used for this class of fire.

DETECTION OF FIRE HAZARDS
Many automatic fire detection systems are used today in industry.

Some include :
• Thermal expansion detectors,
• Heat sensitive insulation,
• Photoelectric fires,
• Ionization or radiation sensors and
• Ultraviolet or I .R detectors.

These sound an alarm through which fire flames are detected.

FIRE ALARMS
FIRE SENSORS

Prevention of fire hazards
ïپ¬ Well planned design and layout
ïپ¬ Proper ventilated systems
ïپ¬ Chemical data sheets
ïپ¬ Proper training of personnel
ïپ¬ Proper maintenance of surroundings
ïپ¬ use of fire extinguishers, alarms ,sensors, detectors
ïپ¬ Fire fighting equipment
ïپ¬ Sprinkler systems

Fire suppression
It is done by using hydrant systems/water sprinkler systems and fire extinguishers.

ïپ¬ Hydrant systems include
ïƒک Water sprinklers
ïƒک Semi automatic hydrant system
ïƒک Automatic sprinkler and
ïƒک Manually hydrant system.

Fire extinguishers include
ïƒک Water and water based extinguishers
• portable extinguishers
• soda acid extinguishers
• antifreeze extinguishers.

ïƒک Foam extinguishers.

ïƒک Dry chemical extinguishers.

ïƒک Carbon dioxide extinguishers.

ïƒک Halon extinguishers Halon 1301 ( bromo tri fluoro methane) Vaporizing liquid.

Non-Magnetic stored pressure
Spinkler systems
Halotron 1 Fire extiguisher
deionized water mist fire
extinguisher
K Class Wet chemical
ABC Dry chemical fire
extinguisher.

extinguisher
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Portable fire
extinguisher

2. Chemical hazards
   ïƒک Many chemicals can cause severe burns, if these
   coming to contact with living tissue or other routes like inhalation.

ïƒک Living tissue may be destroyed by chemical reactions such as dehydration, digestion, oxidation etc.

ïƒک Eye and mucus membrane of the throat are particularly susceptible to the effect of corrosive dust, mist and gases.

ïƒک Chloroform, benzene, chlorinated hydro carbons, low boiling fractions of petroleum are some of the common organic solvents used in pharmaceutical industry.

SOURCES OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS
ïپ¬ AIR BORN TOXICS
Irritants
Ipecac,podophyllumetc .,.

Asphyxiants
Carbon dioxide, monoxide, methane, ethane, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulphide, helium,nitrogen etc.,.

Narcotics/anaesthetics
Acetone, ether, chloroform, methyl-ethyl ketone etc.,.

ïپ¬ Carcinogens
Coaltar, cresote oil, anthracene oil, parafin oils, chromium, nickel, cobalt etc.,.

ïƒک Hazards may arise when impure or contaminated chemicals are used.

ïƒک By products may accumulate relatively high concentrations in parts of the plant and cause un expected effects.

ïƒک In pharmaceutical industry most of the dermatitis can be attributed to synthetic drugs, especially acridines and phenothiazines.

SAFETY ASPECTS IN CHEMICAL HAZARDS
ïپ¬ Application of barrier creams before commencing the work has been found useful in protecting individuals from hazardous chemicals.

ïپ¬ While using the high vapor pressure solvents and grinding of vegetable drugs (e.g., capsicum and podophyllum) safety goggles are to be worn. Because these will effects the eyes.

ïپ¬ We must know the exposure limits and toxicity of different chemicals.

chemicals
Exposure limit
(ppm)
Ethyl alcohol
1000ppm
acetone
1000ppm
Methyline
125ppm
chloride
Isopropyl alcohol
400ppm

ïپ¬ Tolerance levels for toxic chemicals should be followed as set by international regulations.

ïپ¬ Occupational safety and health administration also include to Check.

• Compiling of process safety information
• Maintaining safe operating procedures
• Training and educating employees
• Conducting incident investigations
• Developing safety compliance audits
• Conducting emergency response plans. (Niosh,2005).

3. Mechancal hazards
   •
   These are associated with powers-driven machine, whether automated or manually operated by steam, hydraulic and/or electric power introduced new hazards into work place.

•
Mechanical hazards are exacerbated by the large number and different designs of equipment, crowded work place conditions and different interaction between workers and equipment.

•
Hazardous electrical and pneumatic thermal energy must be released or controlled before working on active equipment.

•
High sound levels may be generated by manufacturing equipment (e.g., ball mill) there by increasing their exposure to noise.

•
Injuries like cutting, tearing, shearing, puncturing and crushing may occur with moving machinery.

Preventon of mechanical hazards
Mechanical hazards can be reduced by the application appropriate safeguards.

REQUIREMENTS OF SAFEGUARDS
•
Prevent contact
•
Securable and durable
•
Protect against falling objects
•
Do not create new hazard
•
Do not create interference
•
Allow safe mantainance.

TYPES OF SAFEGUARDS
Point of operation guards-Fixed guards, interlocked guards and adjustable guards.

Point of operation devices-photoelectric devices, radiofrequency devices, pull back devices, restraint devices and safety trip devices.

Feeding and ejection systems-automatic feed system, semi automatic, automatic and semiautomatic ejection systems.

Robot safeguards.

LOCKOUT/TAGOUT SYSTEMS
Padlock systems
Tagout systems.

(Shah Prakashan,2007).

Safety aspects in mechanical hazards
ïƒک All the operators should be trained in safe operation, maintainance and emergency procedures to take care when accidents occur.

ïƒک Inspection ,adjustment repair and calibration of safe guards should be carried out regularly.

ïƒک Ear protection devices must be used to prevent the excessive noise.

ïƒک Effort should be made to reduce the noise to a safe level

4. Electrical hazards
   Electrical hazards occurs when a person come in contact with the conductor carrying current and simultaneously contacts with the ground, usually known to be work place hazard.

SOURCES OF ELECTRCAL HAZARDS
ïپ¬ Short circuts
ïپ¬ Electrostatic hazards
ïپ¬ Arcs and spark hazards
ïپ¬ Combustible and explosive materials
ïپ¬ Improper wiring
ïپ¬ Insulation failure

DETECTION OF ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
ïƒک Circuit tester
ïƒک Receptance wiring tester.

PREVENTION OF ELECTRCAL HAZARDS
ïƒک Grounding of electrical equipments
ïƒک Prevention of static electricity
ïƒک Bending and grounding
ïƒک Humidification
ïƒک Antistatic materials
ïƒک Ionizers and electrostatic neutralizers
ïƒک Radioactive neutralizers and
ïƒک Magnetic circuit breaker.

SAFETY ASPECTS IN ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
ïƒک Ensure that power has been disconnected from the system working with it.

ïƒک Do not wear conductive material like such as metal jewellary.

ïƒک Perodically inspect insullation.

ïƒک Verify circuit voltages.

ïƒک Use only explosion proof devices and non sparkling switches in flammable liquid storage areas.

ïƒک All electrical parts should confirm ISI specifications.

ïƒک Ensure all flexible wires and power cables are properly insulated.

ïƒک Installation of earth trip devices for all electrical equipments.

ïƒک Safe guarding is essential for all electrical equipments.

(Niosh,1986).

5. PHARMACEUTICAL HAZARDS
   ïƒک Hazardous drugs that pose a potential health risk to health care workers who may be exposed during drug manufacturing, packing and storage.

CRITERIA FOR DEFINING HAZARDOUS DRUGS
Drugs that meet one or more of the following criteria should be hazardous.

 Carcinogenicity.

 Teratogenicity.

 Reproductive toxicity.

 Organ toxicity at lower doses.

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE TO HAZARDOUS DRUGS
ïƒک Inhalation of an aerosolized drug.

ïƒک Dermal absorption.

ïƒک Ingestion.

ïƒک Injection.

TYPES OF HAZARDS TOXICITY
ïƒک Acute poisoning.

ïƒک Chronic poisoning.(Akunuru,1997).

SAFETY ASPECTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL HAZARDS
Personal protective equipment for hazardous drug handling
 Disposable gowns made of fabric that has low permeability to the agents in use, with closed fonts and cuffs,intended for single use.

 Powder free gloves, labeled and tested for drugs used with chemotherapy , made of latex, nitrile or neoprene.

 Face and eye protection when splashing is possible.

 Approved respirator when there is a risk of inhaling drug aerosols. The labelling of solvents to indicate their properties and health and fire hazards, is an extremely important method for controlling the hazards.

 Substitution of more harmful material by one which is less danger to health.


To prevent or reduce dangerous expose to toxic materials.

i.

Gas releases should be vented outside buildings and away work areas and other populated areas.

ii.

Exhausts and ventilations should be provided to remove emissions.


Every bulk drug and pharmaceutical unit must prepare its disaster management plan.

3.SAFETY ASPECTS IN PHARMA INDUSTRY
ïپ¬ Standard operating procedures
ïپ¬ Handling of hazardous materials
ïپ¬ Water supply and drainage
ïپ¬ Floors and floor coverings
ïپ¬ Emergency exits
ïپ¬ Back up plan if anything goes wrong
ïپ¬ Specially trained personnel
ïپ¬ Health polices and insurance
ïپ¬ Written procedures
ïپ¬ Safety audits
ïپ¬ Risk analysis
ïپ¬ Appropriate training and education to employee
ïپ¬ Regular monitoring of workplace
ïپ¬ Written documentation of policies
ïپ¬ Create awareness of the environment.

4.CONCLUSION
ïپ¬ From the previous discussion it is clear that the safety aspects must be considered by the pharmaceutical industry not only in the interest of the employees or property but also in terms of the neighboring environment as well.

ïپ¬ The source of possible hazards , risk analysis, control procedures ,preventive measures &contingency plan are the main five essentials for ensuring a complete work atmosphere in the industry