لخّصلي

The emergence of Islam during the era of the Prophet Muhammad

The traditional narrative portrays Muhammad as having been born in the town of Mecca, in ‎western Arabia sometime in the middle to latter part of the 6th century, in a pagan environment. ‎Mecca was considered to have been occupied by people who were pagans or animists. According ‎to the tradition, he began around the age of 40—something like 610 of the Common Era—to ‎receive what he considered to be revelations of God’s words to him, enjoining him to be strictly ‎monotheistic. ‎
This was important, that one should recognize God’s oneness, recognize that God was the creator ‎of the world, that God is the source of all the good things that we enjoy in life as human beings, ‎and therefore we owe God gratitude in the form of prayer, and almsgiving, and to take care of the ‎less fortunate in society and so on. Various ritual injunctions were gradually imposed, or revealed, ‎so regular prayer, almsgiving, fasting during the month of Ramadan every year during the day, and ‎the pilgrimage to Mecca if you can do it. So, the story says that Muhammad began to receive these ‎revelations, which contained this kind of religious preaching, emphasizing God’s oneness.[1]‎
Islam appeared when the revelation came to the Prophet Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Abdul ‎Muttalib, and Waraqah bin Nawfal, the cousin of his wife Khadija, told him that he had become ‎the prophet of this nation. Then he began calling for belief in the new religion‏.‏
The first to believe in him was his wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid, then Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, his ‎cousin Ali bin Abi Talib, then his adopted son Zaid bin Haritha. Then he began to seclude himself ‎in the cave of Hira for several days every month, and while he was in one of those seclusions, ‎Gabriel came down to him and said to him: Read, and he said: I am not a reader. He repeated it to ‎him three times, then recited to him the first five verses of Surat Al-Alaq : ‎
‎“Recite in the name of your Lord who created. Created man from a clinging substance. ‎Who taught by the pen. Taught man that which he knew not.” [2]‎
‎ ‎
returned home in fear, so his wife Khadija calmed him down, and took him to her cousin Waraqah ‎ibn Nawfal, and told him that he had become the prophet of this world. Nation. . And his people ‎will oppose him because of that
Since its emergence, the Islamic call has been divided into stages‏:‏
Secret invitation stage‏:‏
‏ ‏It was wise to begin by calling for the emerging religion without clashing with the paganism ‎prevailing in Mecca. So, the Prophet began spreading the true religion among the ‎‏ ‏closest ‎‏ ‏people ‎to him, as we mentioned previously, and so did his companions who responded to the call, led by ‎Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq, who converted to Islam among a group of those who converted to Islam. ‎Because of his qualities that endear him to people‏.‏‎ This stage lasted three years.‎

Public invitation stage:‎
‎ After the nucleus of the first Muslims was formed during the first three years of the call, God ‎commanded him to announce the call, and the call began to spread among the people, despite the ‎enormous difficulties he faced. One of the characteristics of that stage was the Quraysh’s hostility ‎to the Messenger by distorting his image in front of people, especially those coming to Mecca. He ‎was also subjected to some torture and attempted murder at their hands.‎
‏ ‏Migration to Medina
‎ The Prophet Muhammad immigrated with his friend Abu Bakr al-Siddiq to Yathrib, after most ‎of his companions had emigrated. When he arrived in Yathrib, he changed the name of the city to ‎‎(Medina) and proceeded to establish the greatest state of all time, including the following:‎
• He began building the mosque
• Brotherhood between immigrants and supporters
• And writing a document of duties and rights among the city’s residents.‎
• Spread Islam.‎
The conquest of Hudaybiyyah and the conquest of Mecca had the greatest impact on this.‎
Until the influence of the Muslims reached the borders of Persia and the Romans, and ‎confrontations took place with the Romans in which the Muslims proved that they were a force to ‎be reckoned with. Several armed confrontations took place between Muslims
Quraysh, the most prominent of whom are:‎
‎ The Battle of Badr, Uhud, Khandaq and Hudaybiyyah. It ended with the conquest of Mecca. ‎Confrontations also occurred between Muslims and neighboring powers, especially the Jews

‎ The spread of Islam during the era of the Companions
After her death, the Prophet Muhammad left all countries, the entire Arabian Peninsula. And the ‎men who carried it left it better. The first caliph, Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, began to return the people to ‎the truth, after he had gained most of those who converted to Islam during the time of the Prophet. ‎Then it began to invade countries that had not yet infected the religion. It was rare for the Persian ‎state to be able to completely occupy Iraq, and at the same time cleanse most of the Levant from ‎the presence of the Romans.‎

The beginning of division among Muslims
The dispute between Muslims (Muhajirs and Ansar) appeared for the first time immediately after ‎the death of the Prophet and on the same day he died without recommending the caliphate to ‎anyone after him.‎
‎ “Some people said: The people most deserving of the caliphate are Abu Bakr because the Prophet ‎Muhammad was satisfied to lead the Muslims in prayer, so let them please him with the affairs of ‎this world. Some people said: The people most deserving of the caliphate is Ali bin Abi Talib. ‎Others said: The first immigrants from the Quraysh are the people of truth, and others said: The ‎people most deserving of it are the Ansar...” (Ahmad Amin, Day of Islam, p. 11). 51 Causes of ‎division
‏ ‏The Shiite-Sunni dispute is the existing difference between the two Islamic sects, the Shiites, ‎and the Sunnis, in beliefs, jurisprudence, history, and some political issues. This dispute dates back ‎to the first period of Islam after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, when there was a dispute ‎between the Shiites, who believe that the Commander of the Faithful, Ali bin Abi Talib, is the ‎legitimate ruler after the Prophet, and the Sunnis, who believe that the caliphate should be inherited ‎from the Umayyads and after them, the Abbasids. Since then, disputes and differences have ‎developed between Shiites and Sunnis in the interpretation of the Qur’an and Sunnah, and in ‎beliefs, doctrines, rituals, and history. Many Arab tribes have abandoned Islam in the regions of ‎Najd and the eastern Arabian Peninsula and Yemen.‎
‎ The reason for this is the rapid spread of Islam in the desert without the ability to educate the ‎Bedouins and their understanding of the religion. This is due to the small number of preachers, the ‎dangers that the call faced in the desert, as happened in Raja and Bir Ma'una, and the lack of a ‎capable media outlet in that era. Hence, some tribes apostatized because they did not understand ‎the obligation of zakat, while ambitious leaders emerged who tried to benefit from tribal fanaticism ‎by attracting their tribes.‎
Educating the tribes in Islam required sufficient time, and the Muslims did this during the era of the ‎Rightly Guided Caliphate after returning the apostates to Islam. There was no general apostasy ‎from Islam after education and jurisprudence.‎
After the death of the Prophet, according to Shiite claims, Muslims gathered in the (Bani Sa'idah) ‎tent to elect a caliph for the Muslims. The death of the Prophet led to chaos, so they sent Ali bin ‎Abi Talib to quell the chaos. Then they started electing (Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq). ‎
‎ This is pushed the Prophet’s family to object, and according to Shia history, that (Omar bin Al-‎Khattab) assaulted (Fatima Al-Zahra), the daughter of the Prophet, because she objected to the ‎Electing of (Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq) as Caliph of the Muslims, and that was supposed to be (Ali bin ‎Abi Talib), because he is the cousin of the prophet and one of the closest people to him .‎