لخّصلي

Clinical Immunology is a department of clinical medicine that studies the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases that are based on disorders of the immune system that require immunocorrection.In the immune system, there are: primary (central) organs (bone marrow and thymus), secondary (peripheral) organs (spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, etc.), as well as diffusely located lymphoid tissue - individual lymphoid follicles and their clusters.The immune system consists of various components - organs, tissues and cells, assigned to this system according to the functional criterion (performing the immune defense of the body) and the anatomical and physiological principle of organization (organ-circulatory principle).Particularly distinguished is the lymphoid tissue associated with the mucous membranes (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tussue-MALT)

In the central organs of the immune system, early, antigen-independent stages of maturation of lymphocytes take place.The volume of the organ is filled with an epithelial framework (epithelium), in which thymocytes (immature T-lymphocytes of the thymus), dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages are located.In each lobule of the thymus, there are 2 zones: on the periphery - cortical (cortex) (immature proliferating thymocytes predominate), in the center - medulla (more mature forms of thymocytes).The objectives of Clinical Immunology:

Diagnosis and treatment of congenital IS insufficiency (primary IDS).Immunity is a way of maintaining the body's homeostasis, one of the most important factors in preserving the structural and functional integrity of the body, preserving its biological and genetic identity.Immunology is the science of the structure and functions of the immune system both in normal conditions and in various pathological conditions, including violations of the immune system-immunopathologies.DC are located mainly in the zone that is transitional between the cortical and cerebral zones.Epithelial cells play a significant role in the differentiation of bone marrow progenitors of thymocytes into mature T-lymphocytes.Diagnosis of immune mechanisms of reproductive function disorders and their elimination.The immune system is a complex of organ, tissue, cellular, and molecular components which function is to provide immune protection.Anti-tumor protection.

Clinical Immunology is a department of clinical medicine that studies the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases that are based on disorders of the immune system that require immunocorrection.

The objectives of Clinical Immunology:

Diagnosis and treatment of congenital IS insufficiency (primary IDS).
Diagnosis and treatment of acquired immunodeficiency (secondary IDS).
Diagnosis and treatment of immunopathological manifestations of somatic pathology.
Specific diagnosis and treatment of allergies.
Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune pathology.
Diagnosis and treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases.
Selection of a donor-recipient pair.
Diagnosis of IS defects in tumors and their treatment.
Diagnosis of immune mechanisms of reproductive function disorders and their elimination.
Immunity is a way of protecting the body from living bodies and substances that carry signs of genetic foreignness.

Immunity is a way of maintaining the body's homeostasis, one of the most important factors in preserving the structural and functional integrity of the body, preserving its biological and genetic identity.

The immune system is a complex of organ, tissue, cellular, and molecular components which function is to provide immune protection.

Immunology is the science of the structure and functions of the immune system both in normal conditions and in various pathological conditions, including violations of the immune system-immunopathologies.

Functions of the immune system:

Protection against pathogens of infectious diseases.
Elimination and utilization of necrotic tissue structures.
Anti-tumor protection.
Providing normal differentiation of the cells of the hematopoietic system.
Rejection of transplanted organs, tissues, and cells.
Providing normal intrauterine development of the fetus.
The morphological substrate of the immune system is lymphoid tissue.

The immune system consists of various components - organs, tissues and cells, assigned to this system according to the functional criterion (performing the immune defense of the body) and the anatomical and physiological principle of organization (organ-circulatory principle).

In the immune system, there are: primary (central) organs (bone marrow and thymus), secondary (peripheral) organs (spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, etc.), as well as diffusely located lymphoid tissue - individual lymphoid follicles and their clusters. Particularly distinguished is the lymphoid tissue associated with the mucous membranes (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tussue-MALT)

In the central organs of the immune system, early, antigen-independent stages of maturation of lymphocytes take place.

In the thymus, lymphopoiesis of a significant part of T-lymphocytes occurs.

The thymus is located in the thoracic cavity above the heart and large vessels.

The thymus consists of 2 lobes, each surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. The partitions extending from the capsule divide the thymus into lobules. In each lobule of the thymus, there are 2 zones: on the periphery - cortical (cortex) (immature proliferating thymocytes predominate), in the center - medulla (more mature forms of thymocytes). The volume of the organ is filled with an epithelial framework (epithelium), in which thymocytes (immature T-lymphocytes of the thymus), dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages are located. DC are located mainly in the zone that is transitional between the cortical and cerebral zones. Macrophages are present in all zones.

Epithelial cells play a significant role in the differentiation of bone marrow progenitors of thymocytes into mature T-lymphocytes.

Epithelial cells with their processes encircle the thymus lymphocytes (thymocytes), so they are called "nurse cells". These cells not only support developing thymocytes, but also produce the cytokines IL-1, IL-3, IL-6, IL-7, LIF, GM-CSF, and express the adhesion molecules LFA-3 and ICAM-1, complementary to the adhesion molecules on the surface of thymocytes (CD2 and LFA-1).

A peculiar morphological structure formed by epithelial cells is represented by the Hassal's corpuscles. They are located in the medullary part of the thymus and look like a multi-layered scaly formation, resembling a section of an onion. Epithelial cells of Hassal's bodies differ somewhat in membrane markers and humoral products from other medullary cells. In the center of the Hassal's bodies are non-viable keratinized cells. Hassal's cells secrete the cytokine TSLP (Thymic stromal lymphopoietin), which affects dendritic cells. TSLP-activated dendritic cells play an important role in the differentiation of regulatory T-cells and the allergic variant of Th2 cells.

The thymus is highly vascularized. The walls of the capillaries and venules form a hematothymic barrier