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RESEARCH ARTICLE Comprehensive survey of routing protocols for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks Asmaa Rady1 |1 of 30 https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.4942 can be occurred by attaching a mobile element to the transportation such as animals, vehicles, robots, or attending it with a mobilizer to control their locations.3 Some real-world applications require mobile and static sensor node environments in the same network, whereas other applications demand full mobile sensor environments.4 As shown in Figure 1, many real-world applications are utilized MWSNs such as environmental monitoring, military applications, the intelligent homes design, security monitoring, search and rescue, life habit monitoring, patient status monitoring, battlefield evaluation, earthquake monitoring, forest fire monitoring, deep-sea monitoring, target tracking, precision agriculture, community security, monitoring systems, industrial control, specifically in mobile forest fire alert systems, wearable medical, large-scale agricultural applications, and the nuclear radiation environment for safety monitoring systems.5 Many applications demand achieving coverage.Nariman Abdel-Salam2 1 Electronics and Electrical Communications Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf, Egypt 2 Electronics and Electrical Communications Department, Faculty of Engineering, Canadian International College (CIC), Giza, Egypt Correspondence Nariman Abdel-Salam Bauomy, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Canadian International College (CIC), Giza, Egypt.Email: [email protected] Summary Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs) have emerged as a new evolution trend in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) technology as a result of the growth and popularization of mobile terminal technology.INTRODUCTION Due to the rapid growth of mobile terminal technology applications and mobile Internet technology, Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs) have emerged as a new trend in the advancement of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).KEYWORDS delay, Mobile sensor nodes (MSNs), Mobile sink (MS), Mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs), network lifetime, routing protocols 1 |WSNs' feature spectrum is greatly expanded by the mobility of nodes introduced by MWSNs.Moreover, the commercial software programs for MWSNs are discussed.

RESEARCH ARTICLE
Comprehensive survey of routing protocols for Mobile
Wireless Sensor Networks
Asmaa Rady1 | E L-Sayed M. El-Rabaie1 | Mona Shokair1 |
Nariman Abdel-Salam2
1
Electronics and Electrical
Communications Department, Faculty of
Electronic Engineering, Menoufia
University, Menouf, Egypt
2
Electronics and Electrical
Communications Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Canadian International
College (CIC), Giza, Egypt
Correspondence
Nariman Abdel-Salam Bauomy,
Department of Electronics and
Communications Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Canadian International
College (CIC), Giza, Egypt.
Email: [email protected]
Summary
Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs) have emerged as a new evolution
trend in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) technology as a result of the
growth and popularization of mobile terminal technology. WSNs' feature spectrum is greatly expanded by the mobility of nodes introduced by MWSNs.
MWSN is a network with lots of sensors that are initially distributed randomly
and collaborate to gather, process, and transmit information around targets to
the sink node. MWSN is an overgrowth and emerging technology with significant applications that provide free moving for sensors and adaptable communicating with each other without fixed infrastructure. Because of their small
size, they have limited radio capability, storage, and power. Therefore, MWSNs
are utilized to improve network lifetime, energy expenditure, and channel
capacity than fixed WSNs. Many routing protocols have recently been introduced to perform advances in the field of energy expenditure for MWSN data
collection. This paper introduces a survey on hierarchical-based routing protocols for MWSNs. The survey outlines the classification of the routing techniques in the aspect of mobility. The comparisons between Mobile Sensor
Node (MSN) protocols, Mobile Sink (MS) protocols, and protocols for mobile
of both sink and sensor node together are introduced individually. Moreover,
the commercial software programs for MWSNs are discussed. Finally, the
challenges and future trends in MWSNs are presented.
KEYWORDS
delay, Mobile sensor nodes (MSNs), Mobile sink (MS), Mobile wireless sensor networks
(MWSNs), network lifetime, routing protocols
1 | INTRODUCTION
Due to the rapid growth of mobile terminal technology applications and mobile Internet technology, Mobile Wireless
Sensor Networks (MWSNs) have emerged as a new trend in the advancement of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).
The difference between MWSNs and WSNs is that MWSNs have more scalability, bandwidth, coverage, and network
performance due to node mobility. At the same time, MWSNs manage the lifespan and the consumption of energy in
the network.1,2 MWSNs play a vital role in monitoring and collecting information from the sensed field. MWSNs consist
of Mobile Sink (MS) and/or Mobile Sensor Nodes (MSNs) that move within the network. The mobility of these sensors
Received: 9 March 2021 Revised: 10 June 2021 Accepted: 17 July 2021
DOI: 10.1002/dac.4942
Int J Commun Syst. 2021;e4942. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/dac © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 1 of 30
https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.4942
can be occurred by attaching a mobile element to the transportation such as animals, vehicles, robots, or attending it
with a mobilizer to control their locations.3
Some real-world applications require mobile and static sensor node environments in the same network, whereas
other applications demand full mobile sensor environments.4 As shown in Figure 1, many real-world applications are
utilized MWSNs such as environmental monitoring, military applications, the intelligent homes design, security monitoring, search and rescue, life habit monitoring, patient status monitoring, battlefield evaluation, earthquake monitoring, forest fire monitoring, deep-sea monitoring, target tracking, precision agriculture, community security, monitoring
systems, industrial control, specifically in mobile forest fire alert systems, wearable medical, large-scale agricultural
applications, and the nuclear radiation environment for safety monitoring systems.5 Many applications demand achieving coverage.
There are five main parts in the sensor node which are sensing unit, processing unit, transceiver unit, power unit,
and additional units as shown in Figure 2. The first part is a sensing unit that uses a sensor and an Analog-to-Digital