خدمة تلخيص النصوص العربية أونلاين،قم بتلخيص نصوصك بضغطة واحدة من خلال هذه الخدمة
With the depletion of conventional light crude oil, heavy crude oil will occupy an increasing share of the energy structure in the 21st century. Heavy crude oil is characterized by an API gravity of 10 to 22.3 or a viscosity of 0.09 to 10 Pa·s. The flow of heavy crude oil in the pipeline is laminar in the higher viscosity range and turbulent in the lower viscosity range, and its flow resistance comes from the viscous force between the oil and the wall or the additional stress of turbulent flow. Hence, pipeline transportation of heavy crude oil is faced with a huge loss of frictional resistance, which means a reduction of the transportation efficiency. To decrease pump power consumption, improving the transportation efficiency of heavy crude oil pipelines is a key factor. In recent years, some biomimetic technologies that reduce the flow resistance of viscous oils have made new progress in improving their fluidity and have not yet been put into use in commercial pipelines. Therefore, it is important and appropriate to discuss the breakthrough achievements and progress made by researchers in the drag reduction (DR) of heavy crude oil and to summarize its advantages, disadvantages, and potential problems. This review discusses boundary layer control methods for heavy crude oil drag reduction. First, conventional DR technologies, such as polymers, surfactants, fiber suspensions, oil–water core annular flow (CAF) and oil–aqueous foam CAF, and potential DR technologies, including oleophobic surfaces, flexible walls, biomimetic microgrooves, and ferrofluid annular DR under magnetic confinement, are presented. Second, the mechanism of DR is investigated and summarized; the highlights and progress of the technology are reviewed, and new ideas to improve the existing DR technology are proposed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of DR are presented.
With the depletion of conventional light crude oil, heavy crude oil will occupy an increasing share of the energy structure in the 21st century. Heavy crude oil is characterized by an API gravity of 10 to 22.3 or a viscosity of 0.09 to 10 Pa·s. The flow of heavy crude oil in the pipeline is laminar in the higher viscosity range and turbulent in the lower viscosity range, and its flow resistance comes from the viscous force between the oil and the wall or the additional stress of turbulent flow. Hence, pipeline transportation of heavy crude oil is faced with a huge loss of frictional resistance, which means a reduction of the transportation efficiency. To decrease pump power consumption, improving the transportation efficiency of heavy crude oil pipelines is a key factor. In recent years, some biomimetic technologies that reduce the flow resistance of viscous oils have made new progress in improving their fluidity and have not yet been put into use in commercial pipelines. Therefore, it is important and appropriate to discuss the breakthrough achievements and progress made by researchers in the drag reduction (DR) of heavy crude oil and to summarize its advantages, disadvantages, and potential problems. This review discusses boundary layer control methods for heavy crude oil drag reduction. First, conventional DR technologies, such as polymers, surfactants, fiber suspensions, oil–water core annular flow (CAF) and oil–aqueous foam CAF, and potential DR technologies, including oleophobic surfaces, flexible walls, biomimetic microgrooves, and ferrofluid annular DR under magnetic confinement, are presented. Second, the mechanism of DR is investigated and summarized; the highlights and progress of the technology are reviewed, and new ideas to improve the existing DR technology are proposed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of DR are presented.
تلخيص النصوص العربية والإنجليزية اليا باستخدام الخوارزميات الإحصائية وترتيب وأهمية الجمل في النص
يمكنك تحميل ناتج التلخيص بأكثر من صيغة متوفرة مثل PDF أو ملفات Word أو حتي نصوص عادية
يمكنك مشاركة رابط التلخيص بسهولة حيث يحتفظ الموقع بالتلخيص لإمكانية الإطلاع عليه في أي وقت ومن أي جهاز ماعدا الملخصات الخاصة
نعمل علي العديد من الإضافات والمميزات لتسهيل عملية التلخيص وتحسينها
1. تحليل مفاهيم الندرة وتكلفة الفرص البديلة: مفهوم الندرة هو أن الموارد المتاحة محدودة ولا يمكن تلبي...
تقوم العملية الأولى على وصف المعطيات. من جهة، هذا يعني تقديمها بالشكل المطلوب وفقاً للمتغيرات المندر...
(الدلالية) تعتبر اللغة أهم عائق في التواصل بين الثقافات. وبما أن التواصل اللفظي مهم في كل سياق، فإن ...
محددات عرض النقود تبدأ الكلام عن العلاقة بين عرض النقود، أي الوحدات النقدية لدى الافراد خارج الجهاز ...
In this sieve analysis experiment, the particle size distribution of a solid substance was assessed ...
ركائز سلطتهم: - • المشترك :- الاجابة الشائعة عند الاهالي وعند اغلبيه الاهالي بشكل عام هي ، اذا احب...
كنت جالسا في المقهى أشاهد إحدى مباريات كرة القدم ، وكان الجو شبه هادئ تتخلله بعض الأحاديث الثنائية ل...
ويتضمن هذا المثال تبسطين مهمين : الأول : عدم وجود فائض في الاحتياطيات النقدية لدى البنك التجاري. طا...
The bradyzoites are released in the small intestine and they undergo asexual multiplication (schizog...
الزيادة الهائلة في المطالب النفسية المرتبطة بالعمليات العسكرية الحالية ولقوات مكافحة الإرهاب تجعل ال...
المتبوعين مع الأتباع، يلعن بعضهم بعض، يتبرأون من بعضهم بعض، وقلنا أيضاً: بأنه اتضح بأن معظم العذاب ا...
غولة النهر ( الهند ) إذا وجدتم أنفسكم ذات يوم في الهند ، اذهبوا لرؤية زواة القصص الذين كانوا يُوجدون...