Lakhasly

Online English Summarizer tool, free and accurate!

Summarize result (50%)

With the depletion of conventional light crude oil, heavy crude oil will occupy an increasing share of the energy structure in the 21st century. Heavy crude oil is characterized by an API gravity of 10 to 22.3 or a viscosity of 0.09 to 10 Pa·s. The flow of heavy crude oil in the pipeline is laminar in the higher viscosity range and turbulent in the lower viscosity range, and its flow resistance comes from the viscous force between the oil and the wall or the additional stress of turbulent flow. Hence, pipeline transportation of heavy crude oil is faced with a huge loss of frictional resistance, which means a reduction of the transportation efficiency. To decrease pump power consumption, improving the transportation efficiency of heavy crude oil pipelines is a key factor. In recent years, some biomimetic technologies that reduce the flow resistance of viscous oils have made new progress in improving their fluidity and have not yet been put into use in commercial pipelines. Therefore, it is important and appropriate to discuss the breakthrough achievements and progress made by researchers in the drag reduction (DR) of heavy crude oil and to summarize its advantages, disadvantages, and potential problems. This review discusses boundary layer control methods for heavy crude oil drag reduction. First, conventional DR technologies, such as polymers, surfactants, fiber suspensions, oil–water core annular flow (CAF) and oil–aqueous foam CAF, and potential DR technologies, including oleophobic surfaces, flexible walls, biomimetic microgrooves, and ferrofluid annular DR under magnetic confinement, are presented. Second, the mechanism of DR is investigated and summarized; the highlights and progress of the technology are reviewed, and new ideas to improve the existing DR technology are proposed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of DR are presented.


Original text

With the depletion of conventional light crude oil, heavy crude oil will occupy an increasing share of the energy structure in the 21st century. Heavy crude oil is characterized by an API gravity of 10 to 22.3 or a viscosity of 0.09 to 10 Pa·s. The flow of heavy crude oil in the pipeline is laminar in the higher viscosity range and turbulent in the lower viscosity range, and its flow resistance comes from the viscous force between the oil and the wall or the additional stress of turbulent flow. Hence, pipeline transportation of heavy crude oil is faced with a huge loss of frictional resistance, which means a reduction of the transportation efficiency. To decrease pump power consumption, improving the transportation efficiency of heavy crude oil pipelines is a key factor. In recent years, some biomimetic technologies that reduce the flow resistance of viscous oils have made new progress in improving their fluidity and have not yet been put into use in commercial pipelines. Therefore, it is important and appropriate to discuss the breakthrough achievements and progress made by researchers in the drag reduction (DR) of heavy crude oil and to summarize its advantages, disadvantages, and potential problems. This review discusses boundary layer control methods for heavy crude oil drag reduction. First, conventional DR technologies, such as polymers, surfactants, fiber suspensions, oil–water core annular flow (CAF) and oil–aqueous foam CAF, and potential DR technologies, including oleophobic surfaces, flexible walls, biomimetic microgrooves, and ferrofluid annular DR under magnetic confinement, are presented. Second, the mechanism of DR is investigated and summarized; the highlights and progress of the technology are reviewed, and new ideas to improve the existing DR technology are proposed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of DR are presented.


Summarize English and Arabic text online

Summarize text automatically

Summarize English and Arabic text using the statistical algorithm and sorting sentences based on its importance

Download Summary

You can download the summary result with one of any available formats such as PDF,DOCX and TXT

Permanent URL

ٌYou can share the summary link easily, we keep the summary on the website for future reference,except for private summaries.

Other Features

We are working on adding new features to make summarization more easy and accurate


Latest summaries

Fever Coach Get...

Fever Coach Getting Blasted For Recent Caitlin Clark Treatment.Caitlin Clark and the Indiana Fever a...

مقدمة لقد ظلت ...

مقدمة لقد ظلت خدمات وبرامج التربية الخاصة والتأهيل للأطفال والشباب ذوي الإعاقات المختلفة في معظم ال...

Introduction Ar...

Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly advancing branch of technology that aims to d...

ما هي لغة بايثو...

ما هي لغة بايثون Python تكتب بايثون باللغة العربية و هي لغة برمجة عالية المستوى إبتكرها Guido Van Ro...

إذا ذات دل كلمت...

إذا ذات دل كلمته بحاجة وسرق ميه ولاك لاله استقصار النظم والانكم التواصل على ٠٩٣٣٠١٤٤٤٦ تم مسحها با...

الفرد فهو أساس ...

الفرد فهو أساس سعادة الفرد ورفاهية المجتمع وتقدمه، فبالعلم نشأت الحضارات وتقدمت الحياة في جميع المجا...

اسهاماته في الخ...

اسهاماته في الخط العربي كان من إنجازات هذا الوزير أنه أول من هندس حروف الخط العربي، ووضع لها القواني...

داية انتشار الخ...

داية انتشار الخط العربي : كانت بداية انتشار الخط العربي في عصر صدر الاسلام ومع بداية رسالة الرسول ...

Jahresbericht g...

Jahresbericht gemäß der EU- Verordnung zur Förderung von Fairness und Transparenz (P2B- Verordnung) ...

نشأت رهبنات مست...

نشأت رهبنات مستقلة لا يعني استقلالها انفصالا عن التسلسل الهرمي في الكنيسة وخروجاً على سلطتها العليا....

Need Recognitio...

Need Recognition occurs when a customer perceives a difference between his or her current state (per...

أدب الكاتب؛ هو ...

أدب الكاتب؛ هو كتاب من تأليف الأديب والفقيه ابن قتيبة، ويقع في 456 صفحةً، وهو من أصول الكتب في تعليم...