لخّصلي

Grammar is different from phonology and vocabulary (see below Semantics), though the word grammar is often used comprehensively to cover all aspects of language structure.In the case of dead languages, known with certainty only in their written forms, this must necessarily be done; insofar as the somewhat different grammar of their spoken forms made use of sound features not represented in writing (e.g., stress differences), this can, at best, only be inferred or reconstructed.

Grammar is different from phonology and vocabulary (see below Semantics),
though the word grammar is often used comprehensively to cover all aspects of
language structure. Categories such as plural, past tense, and genitive case are not
phonological categories. In spoken language they are, like everything else,
expressed in speech sounds, but within a language these may be very different for
one and the same category. In English noun plurals, the added -s in cats, the vowel
changes in man, men and in goose, geese, and the -en in oxen are quite different
phonologically; so are the past-tense formatives such as -ed in guarded, -t in burnt,
vowel change in take, took, and vowel and consonant change in bring, brought. In
Latin the genitive case can be represented in singular nouns by -ī, -is, -ae, -ūs, and
-eī. The phonological difference does not matter, provided only that the category
distinction is somehow expressed.
The same is true of the orthographic representation of grammatical differences, and
the examples just given illustrate both cases. This is why the grammar of written
language can be dealt with separately. In the case of dead languages, known with
certainty only in their written forms, this must necessarily be done; insofar as the
somewhat different grammar of their spoken forms made use of sound features not
represented in writing (e.g., stress differences), this can, at best, only be inferred
or reconstructed.
Grammatical forms and grammatical structures are part of the communicative
apparatus of languages, and along with vocabulary, or lexicon (the stock of
individual words in a language), they serve to express all the meanings required.
Spoken language has, in addition, resources such as emphatic stressing and
intonation. This is not to say, however, that grammatical categories can be
everywhere directly related to specific meanings. Plural and past tense are fairly
clear as regards meaning in English, but even here there are difficulties; in if I