Lakhasly

Carbonyl compounds are susceptible to be attacked by nucleophiles.They undergo nucleophilic addition (AN) reactions rather than substitution because they have very bad potential leaving group attached to the carbonyl carbon atom, i. e. anions H

• or R

.When reducing aldehydes, primary alcohols are obtained, ketones-secondary alcohols.1) Addition of hydrogen (reduction reaction).

Carbonyl compounds are susceptible to be attacked by nucleophiles. They undergo
nucleophilic addition (AN) reactions rather than substitution because they have very bad
potential leaving group attached to the carbonyl carbon atom, i. e. anions H

• or R

. The
nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of aldehydes and ketones.
A nucleophile that attacks the electrophilic carbon can be either negatively charged (Nu:

) or
neutral (Nu:). A hydroxide ion, alkoxide ions RO

, and a hydride ion H

• are the examples of
  charged nucleophiles. To the neutral nucleophiles there belong water, alcohols, ammonia, and
  amines.
  Nucleophilic addition reactions (AN; a set of typical reagents- H2O, H2
  , ROH, HCN,
  NaHSO3). The most characteristic reactions for carbonyl compounds.

1. Addition of hydrogen (reduction reaction). When reducing aldehydes, primary
   alcohols are obtained, ketones-secondary alcohols. The reaction is widely used to
   produce