Lakhasly

A Khedive, who was from the same family as
Muhammad Ali, ruled Egypt in name as of 1882.
In fact, however, Egypt was actually ruled by
Evelyn Baring, the Earl of Cromer, the British consul-general.
Egypt's government was divided between the British
and French and the Egyptians had no influence. Officially, the purpose of the dual-control system was to oversee the Egyptian economy, which would allow the Europeans to ensure that the Egyptian debt was paid off. The Europeans continually made promises that they would pull out of Egypt once affairs were in order, promises that were never kept. The arrival of the Europeans in Egypt remade Cairo. The modern quarters of the city were taken over by European arrivals who built European shops, and built exclusive clubs. The new quarters of the city grew into vast blocks of apartment buildings.Two new parts were added to Cairo: Maadi was built as an exclusive European enclave to the south shortly after the turn of the century, and Heliopolis was built to the northeast in the 1910s.
Both areas have been designed with the latest in modern conveniences:
running water , electricity and a tramway linking Heliopolis to central Cairo.

The Khedive Tewfiq died in 1892, and
was replaced by his son Abbas Hilmi.
Abbas Hilmi believed he didn't need the Europeans to tell him what to do, as he had been educated in Europe and knew what to do as well as any of them. However, if he wanted to behave unilaterally the Europeans openly threatened to depose him. He backed down, and ruled that way until 1914.

Such threats didn't go unnoticed by the Egyptians, many
of whom started agitating to get the Europeans out.
The upper class was able to send their kids to school in
Europe: many of those kids returned to lead nationalist movements against the Europeans. Nevertheless, these revolts were limited in nature, as
no overt action had been taken against ordinary Egyptians.

In 1906 this changed. A group of British soldiers wanted to use a small delta
village called Denshawai as a place to participate in shooting pigeons.
The villagers who sold them raised the pigeons, and they relied upon the benefit as their main income.

In the attack, however, none of the British soldiers were injured, one soldier had run back to the camp to inform his officer what had happened, and died of a heat stroke. The punishment was severe: four of the villagers were hanged, two sentenced to life imprisonment, and most of the others were to be flogged in public while the entire village was being made to watch.` This was the event that
the nationalists were waiting for. In villages across Egypt, an outcry of public sentiment against occupation went up. Liberals controlled the British Parliament now, and they allowed the formation of an elected Egyptian Parliament.

Much of the parliamentarians resisted the invasion and started agitating for
terms of a British withdrawal from Egypt, now overdue twenty years.
World War One
was outbreaked in 1914. Egypt was in an uncomfortable position: the Ottoman Empire, of which it was a colony, was struggling against the British and the French, who were controlling it. The Europeans then stepped out
and took control of the country. The khedive had been deposed in favor of
his uncle, Hussein Kamil, who was declared Egyptian sultan.
Then Egypt was formally proclaimed a British protectorate and the
Turks, Germans, and AustroHungarians living there were forced into internment camps. In Malta, the majority of the nationalists were forced into exile. Egypt had been used as a British protectorate to support the British war machine. English troops flooded into Egypt, as did refugees
in Anatolia and southern Europe fleeing the war. The influx of new people has created massive shortages: food prices have risen, rationing has been implemented and famine has erupted.At the end of the war, Egyptian leaders have gone to London to demand the British quickly withdraw. The appeal was refused, and resistance broke out again in Egypt. The key activists organized into a collective called the Wafd, meaning "delegation," which was headed by Saad Zaghlul, a politician who was a Lord Cromer acquaintance .They organized marches and also worked vigorously against the British.
Many of them have been arrested, and deported, including Saad Zaghlul.
The Egyptians responded aggressively, taking to the streets and burning associated British houses. Widespread strikes, riots and
terrorism hampered the country. The British eventually decided to pull out in
1922 and give freedom to Egypt under some terms.The British put four conditions on Egypt which, given their independence, almost amounted to some form of underhanded control of the region. First, the British could control Egyptian foreign policy, and compel Egypt to go to war to defend British interests (i.e., the Suez Canal). Second, the British were responsible for the administration of the Canal, which was formally known as "the protection of the British Empire 's communications." Third, Britain was permitted to retain its commercial and political interests in Egypt, and fourth, Britain and Egypt would be collectively responsible for the administration of the protectorate in Sudan. Fuad became King of Egypt, with the British withdrawal.
But the King was more concerned with Europe's ways than with Egypt's ways. Raised as a member of the Turkish nobility, he stopped speaking Arabic at best, preferring to speak French at home while referring to most of his Egyptian subjects as "cretins." The King was given wide sweeping powers that left him a near-absolute monarch. In general elections, the nationalist Wafd party was brought to
power in 1924, and Saad Zaghlul was made Prime Minister. While he and the king did not like each other, their political battles kept Egyptian politics still passed down somewhat: Zaghlul might call the crowds into the streets and push the king's hand.The king, however, remained securely in power until his death in 1927, and used the institutions of Egyptian political life to serve his own interests. The English were still in large numbers in Egypt, and it was during this time that they invented such derogatory words as "wog" (which stands for "good oriental gentlemen," but is in reality an insult). The British participated in cross-cultural practices such as removing the Egyptians from their clubs, and taking off the fezzes for competition from "wogs." King Fuad died in 1936, and his son Farouk came to power when he was 16 years old. At first, he was not too happy with the British
who were still in the country putting restrictions on his strength.
Egypt should have been independent, and the king should be independent too.However, when World War Two erupted a few years later his will was tested.
The British, fearing that King Farouk (whom the British diplomat then called "the boy") was about to name a prime minister
pro-Axis in 1942, took steps to change the king's mind. In the middle of the night, the British drove up to Abdin Palace in tanks,
stormed the palace and ordered the king to appoint their choice as prime minister at gunpoint. Both Egyptians, and particularly the
Egyptian army, had felt the attack.
Wartime Cairo hasn't been the place for a major uprising against the British.
The Egyptians held on, and after World War Two ended, like after World
War I, many Egyptians felt it was time for the British finally to leave. The British pulled out of neighboring Palestine in 1948, and the Egyptians,
along with other Arab powers, invaded Israel's embryonic state, and were heavily defeated. The British weren't helping the Egyptian forces, and the King seemed more interested in high fashion and high society than in politics.
Ismailiyya Square was packed with people during the 1952 revolution to mark the founding of the republic. Since then, Mubarak has been the president and has peacefully taken measures to eliminate Egypt from economic misery and address any of its social issues, while taking precautions not to offend or alienate the secularists or the Islamists. Although the 1973 war has been recorded as a victory for the Israelis by history, the Egyptian spirits have been dramatically lifted by the fact that their troops successfully crossed the Suez Canal and that, at the end of the war, a peace settlement was negotiated in which the Israelis agreed to return the Sinai to Egypt.