Lakhasly

Online English Summarizer tool, free and accurate!

Summarize result (82%)

Serology is the branch of science concerned with serum to measure either antigens or antibodies in sera.* Antibodies- Also known as immunoglobulins (Igs).They are a group of serum proteins (globulins), secreted in a " soluble" form by B lymphocyte In response to antigenic stimuli. These antibodies bind with the stimulating antigen and inactivating it.
* Antigen-binding site- Hypervariable region of an antibody molecule that is the location where binding a specific antigen takes place. *Epitope- A part of an antigen, also known as an antigen determinate, that bind with a specific antibody. 1- Structure of immunoglobulin:
The immunoglobulin molecule has two distinct regions, one of which (Fab) contains an antigens binding site that bind to an antigen, whereas the other (Fc) contain receptor that interact with a complement or phagocytes Figure 1. Figure 1
2- Immunoglobulins: Ag-Ab reactions:
2-1. Natural Of Ag- Ab Reactions:
A. Lack and Key concept
Antigen - binding sites are located within the hypervariable segments of the variable region (VL and VH) on Fab segment of an antibody molecule. Any change in the hypervariable regions of an antibody may alter its specificity Figure 1. The concept of specificity or" exact fit" of the two molecules has been compared to a " lock and key fit", where the" lock" refers to the antigen binding -site (antibody) and the " key "to the epitope on an antigen.Figure 2
B. Avidity
When the antigen consist of several repeating and identical epitopes (multivalent antigen), the avididity between an antigen and an antibody is the sum of the affinities involved( i.e., affinity between antibodies and multivalent antigens, known as avidity).Affinity refer to the strength of binding between a single antigenic determinate and an individual antibody combining site whereas avidity refer to overall strength of binding between multivalent Ag's and Ab's.B. Cross reactivity
Cross reactivity refers to ability of an individual antibody combining site to react with more than one antigenic determinant (epitope) or ability of a population of antibody molecules to react with more than one antigen Figure 5, cross reactivity arise because:
* The cross reacting antigen shares an epitope in common with antigen.Multiple bonding between the Ag and the Ab ensures that the Ag will be bound tightly to the Ab.
C. Reversible
Since Ag-Ab reaction occurs via non-covalent bonds they are by their nature reversible.2-2.Affinity&Avidity A. Affinity
The term refers to intrinsic forces of attraction or association between an antibody (antigen-binding site) and one epitope on corresponding antigen (univalent antigen).Specificity And Cross Reactivity
A.Specificity Specificity refers to the ability of an individual antibody-combining site to react with only one antigenic determinant or ability of population of antibody molecules to react with only one antigen.Ag-Ab ratio - The ratio between the antigen and antibody influences the detection of Ag/Ab complexes because the sizes of the complexes formed in related to the concentration of the antigen and antibody.Figure 5






3- Factors Affecting Measurement Of Antigen - Antibody Reactions:
The only way that one knows that an antigen-antibody reaction has occurred is to have some means of directly or indirectly detecting the complexes formed between the antigen and antibody.o isolating antibody-producing cells (B cells) from the spleen of the mouse;
o fusing these B cells with a specific type of tumor cell that grows easily in culture and produces antibodies.If the antigen is soluble one generally looks for the precipitation of the antigen after the production of large insoluble Ag/Ab complexes.It is the sum of the attractive and repulsive forces operating between the antigenic determinant and the combining site of the antibody.Avidity - Reaction between multivalent antigens and multivalent antibodies are more stable and those easer to detect.The binding between an antibody and a multivalent antigen is much stronger (has stronger avidity) than binding between an antibody and single epitope.Formation Of Monoclonal And Polyclonal Antibodies:
4.1- Monoclonal antibodies: Identical antibodies with unique specificity made by single B cell Figure 7.Figure 8
4.3 - Researchers make monoclonal and antibody by:
o injecting a specific antigen into a host animal (typically a mouse).o isolating successful hybridomas (fused cells) that produce antibodies specific for the antigen of interest.3.1.3.2.3.3.3.4.


Original text

Serology is the branch of science concerned with serum to measure either antigens or antibodies in sera.



  • Immunodiagnostic is a medical diagnostic based on highly specific interaction between an antibody and an antigen. The antibody is used to detect the presence of the antigen.

  • Antibodies- Also known as immunoglobulins (Igs).They are a group of serum proteins (globulins), secreted in a " soluble" form by B lymphocyte In response to antigenic stimuli. These antibodies bind with the stimulating antigen and inactivating it.

  • Antigen-binding site- Hypervariable region of an antibody molecule that is the location where binding a specific antigen takes place.
    *Epitope- A part of an antigen, also known as an antigen determinate, that bind with a specific antibody.
    1- Structure of immunoglobulin:
    The immunoglobulin molecule has two distinct regions, one of which (Fab) contains an antigens binding site that bind to an antigen, whereas the other (Fc) contain receptor that interact with a complement or phagocytes Figure 1.


Figure 1
2- Immunoglobulins: Ag-Ab reactions:
2-1. Natural Of Ag- Ab Reactions:
A. Lack and Key concept
Antigen – binding sites are located within the hypervariable segments of the variable region (VL and VH) on Fab segment of an antibody molecule. Any change in the hypervariable regions of an antibody may alter its specificity Figure 1.
The concept of specificity or" exact fit" of the two molecules has been compared to a " lock and key fit", where the" lock" refers to the antigen binding –site (antibody) and the " key "to the epitope on an antigen.
B. Non-covalent Bonds
The bonds that hold the Ag in the antibody-combining site are all non-covalent in natural. These include hydrogen bonds, electrostatic bonds. Multiple bonding between the Ag and the Ab ensures that the Ag will be bound tightly to the Ab.
C. Reversible

Since Ag-Ab reaction occurs via non-covalent bonds they are by their nature reversible.
2-2.Affinity&Avidity A. Affinity

The term refers to intrinsic forces of attraction or association between an antibody (antigen-binding site) and one epitope on corresponding antigen (univalent antigen). It is the sum of the attractive and repulsive forces operating between the antigenic determinant and the combining site of the antibody. Figure 2.


                          Figure 2                                                                             

B. Avidity

When the antigen consist of several repeating and identical epitopes (multivalent antigen), the avididity between an antigen and an antibody is the sum of the affinities involved( i.e., affinity between antibodies and multivalent antigens, known as avidity). Figure 3.


Affinity refer to the strength of binding between a single antigenic determinate and an individual antibody combining site whereas avidity refer to overall strength of binding between multivalent Ag's and Ab's.


Figure 3
3-2. Specificity And Cross Reactivity
A.Specificity Specificity refers to the ability of an individual antibody-combining site to react with only one antigenic determinant or ability of population of antibody molecules to react with only one antigen. Figure 4.
B. Cross reactivity
Cross reactivity refers to ability of an individual antibody combining site to react with more than one antigenic determinant (epitope) or ability of a population of antibody molecules to react with more than one antigen Figure 5, cross reactivity arise because:




  • The cross reacting antigen shares an epitope in common with antigen.




  • Because it has an epitope which is structurally similar to one antigen.


                                                           Figure 5 



3- Factors Affecting Measurement Of Antigen – Antibody Reactions:

The only way that one knows that an antigen-antibody reaction has occurred is to have some means of directly or indirectly detecting the complexes formed between the antigen and antibody. The ease with one can detect antigen-antibody reaction will depend on a number of factors.
3.1. Affinity – The higher affinity of the antibody for the antigen, the more stable will be the interaction is enhanced.

3.2. Avidity – Reaction between multivalent antigens and multivalent antibodies are more stable and those easer to detect. The binding between an antibody and a multivalent antigen is much stronger (has stronger avidity) than binding between an antibody and single epitope.
3.3. Ag-Ab ratio – The ratio between the antigen and antibody influences the detection of Ag/Ab complexes because the sizes of the complexes formed in related to the concentration of the antigen and antibody. This is depicted in Figure 6.

3.4. Physical form of the antigen – The physical form of the antigen influences how one detects its reaction with an antibody. If the antigen is a particulate, one generally looks for agglutination of antigen by the antibody. If the antigen is soluble one generally looks for the precipitation of the antigen after the production of large insoluble Ag/Ab complexes.


Figure 6



  1. Formation Of Monoclonal And Polyclonal Antibodies:
    4.1- Monoclonal antibodies: Identical antibodies with unique specificity made by single B cell Figure 7.

    Figure 7
    4.2- Polyclonal antibodies: Different antibodies with different specificities made by different clone of B cells Figure 8.


Figure 8
4.3 – Researchers make monoclonal and antibody by:
• injecting a specific antigen into a host animal (typically a mouse).
• isolating antibody-producing cells (B cells) from the spleen of the mouse;
• fusing these B cells with a specific type of tumor cell that grows easily in culture and produces antibodies.
• isolating successful hybridomas (fused cells) that produce antibodies specific for the antigen of interest.


Summarize English and Arabic text online

Summarize text automatically

Summarize English and Arabic text using the statistical algorithm and sorting sentences based on its importance

Download Summary

You can download the summary result with one of any available formats such as PDF,DOCX and TXT

Permanent URL

ٌYou can share the summary link easily, we keep the summary on the website for future reference,except for private summaries.

Other Features

We are working on adding new features to make summarization more easy and accurate


Latest summaries

Historical sou...

Historical sources are a common feature of history classrooms, but the purpose of using the...

إبراهيم الأبيض ...

إبراهيم الأبيض طفل صغير يتعرض والده للقتل أمام عينيه على يد أحد المعلمين في المنطقة، فيكبر الطفل وصو...

*حفل افطار رمضا...

*حفل افطار رمضان* *تدعوا إدارة الوافدين* *بجامعة حلوان* *أبنائنا وبناتنا* من الطلاب الوافدين *بحضو...

بعد فترة قصيرة ...

بعد فترة قصيرة من مغادرته للسجن بكفالة، قرر داني ألفيش الاحتفال بهذا الأمر بأكثر طريقة تمثله على الإ...

جامعــــــة صنع...

جامعــــــة صنعــــــاء الدراسات العليا والبحث العلمي كليـــة التربيـــة قسـم الإدارة...

• Throughout th...

• Throughout the lesson, the teacher was able to attract students’ attention due to the effective le...

ولا:تعريف الائت...

ولا:تعريف الائتمان الإيجاري يعتبر المغرب من أول الدول العربية الموقعة على اتفاقية أوطاواOTTAWA المتع...

محمد بن البشير ...

محمد بن البشير القباطي: ولد سنة 1876 بمدينه غزوات فحفظ القران الكريم وتلقى مبادئ العلوم الفقهيه والل...

Bachofen لم يكن...

Bachofen لم يكن له فضل الرياده في توضيح هذا الموضوع ذلك انه صاحب الفضل الاول بلا جدال في تحويل تلك ا...

تلخيص النص • ...

تلخيص النص • 30% طول النتيجة 20% 90% يشتكي مواطنون تينركوك بأدرار، من تردي الرعاية الصحية بالمؤسسة...

لماذا يعادون ال...

لماذا يعادون الإخوان؟ يقول العلامة الشيخ الدكتور يوسف القرضاوي حفظه الله في ختام كتابه الاخوان المسل...

Documentation E...

Documentation Every programming language and every technology has a documentation. A documentation i...