Lakhasly

Introduction Smoking is one of the most significant public health problems on a global scale.In the "Health at a Glance" report in 2019, the rate of females smoking in Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD) countries is 14% (OECD, 2019). According to findings of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, Turkey (2016), 17.5% of women use tobacco (Ontas & Aslan, 2016). Women who smoke before pregnancy tend to continue to smoke during pregnancy (Balmumcu, Unsal Atan & Kus, 2018). According to the European Perinatal Health Report (2015), more than 12.5% of the women in one fourth of 19 countries smoke during their pregnancy (Euro- Peristat Project, 2015). The rate of smoking during www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org

International Journal of Caring Sciences January-April 2023 Volume 16| Issue 1| Page 353 pregnancy in Turkey ranges between 10.3% and 17.5% (Bal Erbas et al., 2020; Seker, Aydogdu & Annette Akgur, 2019; Kose et al., 2019; Tarhan & Yilmaz, 2016). The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) encourage breastfeeding within the first hour after birth, exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months, and continuing breastfeeding alongside supplementary foods for at least two years or more (WHO & UNICEF, 2018). According to the "Global Breastfeeding Scorecard 2018" report, the rate of breastfeeding within the first hour of birth is 42%, exclusive breastfeeding for infants younger than six months is 41%, continuing breastfeeding at the age of one is 71% and at the age of two is 45% (WHO & UNICEF, 2018).According to the findings of Turkey Demographic and Health Survey 2018 data, 41% of infants younger than six months are exclusively breastfed while the median breastfeeding duration of exclusive breastfeeding of infants is 1.8 months (TDHS, 2019).

Introduction
Smoking is one of the most significant public health problems on a global scale. In the "Health at a Glance" report in 2019, the rate of females smoking in Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD) countries is 14% (OECD, 2019). According to findings of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, Turkey (2016),
17.5% of women use tobacco (Ontas & Aslan, 2016). Women who smoke before pregnancy tend to continue to smoke during pregnancy (Balmumcu, Unsal Atan & Kus, 2018). According to the European Perinatal Health Report (2015), more than 12.5% of the women in one fourth of 19 countries smoke during their pregnancy (Euro- Peristat Project, 2015). The rate of smoking during
www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org

International Journal of Caring Sciences
January-April 2023 Volume 16| Issue 1| Page 353
pregnancy in Turkey ranges between 10.3% and 17.5% (Bal Erbas et al., 2020; Seker, Aydogdu & Annette Akgur, 2019; Kose et al., 2019; Tarhan & Yilmaz, 2016). The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) encourage breastfeeding within the first hour after birth, exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months, and continuing breastfeeding alongside supplementary foods for at least two years or more (WHO & UNICEF, 2018). According to the “Global Breastfeeding Scorecard 2018” report, the rate of breastfeeding within the first hour of birth is 42%, exclusive breastfeeding for infants younger than six months is 41%, continuing breastfeeding at the age of one is 71% and at the age of two is 45% (WHO & UNICEF, 2018). Although breastfeeding has become a tradition in our country, and mothers know that breastfeeding is the best method for infant nutrition. According to the findings of Turkey Demographic and Health Survey 2018 data, 41% of infants younger than six months are exclusively breastfed while the median breastfeeding duration of exclusive breastfeeding of infants is 1.8 months (TDHS, 2019). In order to initiate and continue a successful breastfeeding, mothers should be healthy both physically and mentally, feed on a balanced diet and not use harmful substances during gestation and in the postnatal period (Isik Koc & Tezcan, 2005; Tanrıkulu, Ersoy & Ersoy, 2012). Although there are studies within the literature on smoking in the prenatal and postnatal period and affecting factors 5, (Riaz et al., 2017; Banderali et al., 2015; Gould et al., 2019) there are no studies examining the effect of smoking in the prenatal period on the infant feeding. In a number of studies, it was determined that the maternal smoking is a risk factor in terms of early cessation of breastfeeding (Isik Koc & Tezcan, 2005; Phillips et al., 2012; Horta et al., 2001). Since the attitude of the pregnant woman towards infant feeding is shaped during prenatal period, it has been stated that smoking during pregnancy can affect the breastfeeding behavior of the mother in the postpartum (Jiménez-Muro et al., 2013). Therefore, examining the effects of smoking on infant feeding attitudes of pregnant women is an important point in terms of maternal, fetal and child health, thus the public health. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of smoking on the nutritional attitude of pregnant women.