Lakhasly

Future perspectives For the successful commercialization of CNT technology, significant improvements are necessary, such as cost reduction and large-scale production of these materials.Studies should focus on confirming the effectiveness of these nanomaterials and nanocomposites with natural water and wastewater samples to include effects on relevant environmental factors.Pilot studies involving contaminant removal through CNTs nanocomposite membrane filtration are already in the developmental stage and may require some time to determine its cost-effectiveness and to provide a benchmark in contrast to integrated AC adsorption-microfiltration or other existing technologies for full-scale PPCPs removal [9].Current literature on the toxicity of CNTs to terrestrial and aquatic life is inconsistent and contradictory and therefore warrants further research.

Future perspectives
For the successful commercialization of CNT technology, significant improvements are necessary, such as cost reduction and large-scale production of these materials. Therefore, research into new methods for mass production of carbon-based nanomaterials in a cost-effective manner is crucially important. Pilot studies involving contaminant removal through CNTs nanocomposite membrane filtration are already in the developmental stage and may require some time to determine its cost-effectiveness and to provide a benchmark in contrast to integrated AC adsorption–microfiltration or other existing technologies for full-scale PPCPs removal [9].

Current literature on the toxicity of CNTs to terrestrial and aquatic life is inconsistent and contradictory and therefore warrants further research. The uncertainty regarding human toxicity raises concerns about CNT dosing into contaminated water and whether CNTs need to be used in conjunction with other treatment technologies to prevent CNT contamination [57]. Standardizing toxicity testing and establishing a robust risk assessment protocol are both critical and timely to better assess the potential human health and environmental risk due to exposure to CNTs and CNT-based technologies [40]. Studies should focus on confirming the effectiveness of these nanomaterials and nanocomposites with natural water and wastewater samples to include effects on relevant environmental factors. For the sustainable application of CNTs in water and wastewater treatment, the design of nanomaterials and nanocomposites must have minimal human and ecological impacts.